Visa källa för Ibogaine

{{headerpanel|{{Warning/Ibogaine}}}}
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/Ibogaine}}
'''10-Methoxyibogamine''' (commonly known as '''ibogaine''') is a [[Naturally occurring sources|naturally occurring]] [[psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::tryptamine]] class. Ibogaine is an [[indole]] [[alkaloid]] found in [[Tabernanthe iboga (botany)|''Tabernanthe iboga'']], while similar alkaloids occur in other plants of the [[:category:Apocynaceae (family)|Apocynaceae family]], such as [[Voacanga africana (botany)|''Voacanga africana'']] and [[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany)|''Tabernaemontana undulata'']].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leite|first=Marcelo|title=Psiconautas: viagens com a ciência psicodélica brasileira|publisher=Fósforo|page=161|year=2022}}</ref>

In West Central Africa, low dosages of ''Tabernanthe iboga'' extracts have been used by indigenous people against fatigue, hunger and thirst. Higher dosages capable of inducing visionary states are used for initiation rituals during religious ceremonies.<ref name="KoenigHilber2015">{{cite journal|last1=Koenig|first1=X.|last2=Hilber|first2=K.|title=The Anti-Addiction Drug Ibogaine and the Heart:  A Delicate Relation|journal=Molecules|volume=20|issue=2|year=2015|pages=2208–2228|issn=1420-3049|doi=10.3390/molecules20022208|pmc=4382526|pmid=25642835|oclc=641147188}}</ref> Ibogaine's medical history in the West began in the early 1900s when it was indicated for use as a neuromuscular stimulant.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alper|first1=K. R.|title=Chapter 1 Ibogaine: A review|journal=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology|year=2001|volume=56|pages=1–38|issn=1099-4831|doi=10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56005-8}}</ref> In the 1940s and 1950s, its suitability as potential cardiovascular drug was studied.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schneider|first1=J. A.|last2=Rinehart|first2=R. K.|title=Analysis of the cardiovascular action of ibogaine hydrochlorid|pmid=13425751|journal=Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie|year=1957|volume=110|pages=92–102|issn=0003-9780|oclc=5806034}}</ref> Later in the 1960s, the substance received much attention because of its potential applicability as an anti-addiction medication.

The pharmacology of ibogaine is complex and poorly understood. While largely behaving as a [[serotonergic psychedelic]], ibogaine interacts with numerous brain systems including transporters, opioid receptors, sigma receptors, glutamate receptors, and nicotinic receptors.<ref name="Maciulaitis2008">{{cite journal|last1=Mačiulaitis|first1=R.|last2=Kontrimavičiūtė|first2=V.|last3=Bressolle|first3=F. M. M.|last4=Briedis|first4=V.|year=2008|title=Ibogaine, an anti-addictive drug: pharmacology and time to go further in development. A narrative review|journal=Human & Experimental Toxicology|volume=27|issue=3|pages=181-194|doi=10.1177/0960327107087802|pmid=18650249|issn=0960-3271|eissn=1477-0903|oclc=21307548}}</ref> Ibogaine’s complex pharmacology entails a significant potential to generate adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular system. Its use has been associated with at least 12 deaths since 1990.<ref name="KoenigHilber2015" />

Ibogaine is not currently approved for any medical uses in the United States.<ref name="KoenigHilber2015" /> Preliminary research in animals indicates that it could potentially be used for treatment of addiction;<ref name="KoenigHilber2015" /> however, there is a lack of non-anecdotal data in humans.<ref name="KoenigHilber2015" /> Although not licensed as therapeutic drug and despite safety concerns, ibogaine is currently used as an anti-addiction medication in dozens of clinics worldwide.<ref name="KoenigHilber2015" />

==History and culture==
{{historyStub}}
The Iboga tree is the central pillar of the Bwiti religion  practiced in West-Central Africa, mainly Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of the Congo, which uses the alkaloid-containing roots of the plant for its psychoactive properties in a number of ceremonies. Ibogaine is also used by indigenous peoples in low doses to combat fatigue, hunger, and thirst.<ref name="Maciulaitis2008" />

Research of ibogaine started in late 19th century. A published description of the ceremonial use of ''T. iboga'' in Gabon appears in 1885. Ibogaine was first extracted and crystallized from the ''T. iboga'' root in 1901.<ref name="Maciulaitis2008" /> The total synthesis of ibogaine was described in 1956 and structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography was completed in 1960.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Crystal and molecular structure of ibogaine: An alkaloid from Stemmadenia galeottiana|doi=10.1007/BF01181911|first1=M.|last1=Soriano-García|first2=F.|last2=Walls|first3=A.|last3=Rodríguez|first4=I.|last4=López Celis|journal=Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research|volume=18|pages=197–206|year=1988|issn=1074-1542|eissn=1572-8854|oclc=43954962}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The structure of ibogaine|journal=Acta Crystallographica|year=1960|volume=13|pages=553-564|doi=10.1107/S0365110X60001369|first1=G.|last1=Arai|first2=J.|last2=Coppola|first3=G. A.|last3=Jeffrey|issn=0365-110X|oclc=1460867}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
Ibogaine, or 12-methoxyibogamine, is an indole alkaloid molecule of the [[tryptamine]] chemical class. Tryptamines share a core structure composed of a bicyclic indole heterocycle attached at R<sub>3</sub> to an amino group via an ethyl side chain. While ibogaine contains a tryptamine backbone, the structure features substitutions distinct from other hallucinogenic tryptamines. 

Ibogaine is substituted at R<sub>10</sub> of its structure with a methoxy group. The location of this substitution is identical to other R<sub>5</sub> substituted tryptamines, notably [[5-MeO-DMT]]. The traditional amino attached ethyl chain of tryptamine is incorporated into a seven member nitrogenous azepine ring. The azepine ring is fused to three interlocked cyclohexane rings, attached at the integrated tryptamine nitrogen of azepine and two carbons over. Attached to the fusion of cyclohexane rings is an ethyl chain at R<sub>7</sub>.

Ibogaine is obtained either by extraction from the iboga plant or by semi-synthesis from the precursor compound voacangine,<ref>{{cite web|title=Iboga Extraction Manual|url=http://www.puzzlepiece.org/ibogaine/literature/iboga_extraction_manual.pdf|year=2009|author=Dr. Chris Jenks}}</ref> another plant alkaloid. 

==Pharmacology==
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
Ibogaine is believed to produce its psychedelic effects from its binding efficacy at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.

Ibogaine is rapidly metabolized in the human body into [[noribogaine]]. Noribogaine acts as a [[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]]. It also acts as a moderate [[κ-opioid]] [[receptor]] [[agonist]]<ref name="Maillet2015">{{cite journal|title=Noribogaine is a G-protein biased κ-opioid receptor agonist|pmid=26302653|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.032|first1=E. L.|last1=Maillet|first2=N.|last2=Milon|first3=M. D.|last3=Heghinian|first4=J.|last4=Fishback|first5=S. C.|last5=Schürer|first6=N.|last6=Garamszegi|first7=D. C.|last7=Mash|journal=Neuropharmacology|volume=99|year=2015|pages=675-688|issn=0028-3908|eissn=1873-7064|oclc=01796748}}</ref> and weak [[µ-opioid]] receptor agonist<ref name="Maillet2015" /> or weak partial agonist.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Effect of Iboga Alkaloids on µ-Opioid Receptor-Coupled G Protein Activation|pmid=24204784|pmc=3818563|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0077262|doi-access=free|first1=T.|last1=Antonio|first2=S. R.|last2=Childers|first3=R. B.|last3=Rothman|first4=C. M.|last4=Dersch|first5=C.|last5=King|first6=M.|last6=Kuehne|first7=W. G.|last7=Bornmann|first8=A. J.|last8=Eshleman|first9=A.|last9=Janowsky|first10=E. R.|last10=Simon|first11=M. E. A.|last11=Reith|first12=K.|last12=Alper|journal=PLOS ONE|year=2013|volume=8|issue=10|page=e77262|eissn=1932-6203}}</ref> It is possible that the action of ibogaine at the kappa opioid receptor may contribute significantly to the psychoactive effects. Salvia divinorum is another plant recognized for its strong hallucinogenic properties; it contains the chemical salvinorin A which is also a highly selective kappa opioid agonist. 

Both ibogaine and noribogaine have a plasma half-life of around two hours in rats,<ref>{{cite journal|title=In vivo neurobiological effects of ibogaine and its O-desmethyl metabolite, 12-hydroxyibogamine (noribogaine), in rats|pmid=11303040|first1=M. H.|last1=Baumann|first2=R. B.|last2=Rothman|first3=J. P.|last3=Pablo|first4=D. C.|last4=Mash|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|issn=0022-3565|eissn=1521-0103|oclc=1606914|year=2001|volume=297|issue=2|pages=531-539}}</ref> although the half-life of noribogaine is slightly longer than that of the parent compound. It is proposed that ibogaine is deposited in fat and metabolized into noribogaine as it is released. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Pharmacokinetic characterization of the indole alkaloid ibogaine in rats|pmid=10849889|journal=Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology|year=2000|volume=22|issue=2|pages=77-81|doi=10.1358/mf.2000.22.2.796066|issn=0379-0355|oclc=5586831|last1=Hough|first1=L. B.|last2=Bagal|first2=A. A.|last3=Glick|first3=S. D.}}</ref> After ibogaine ingestion in humans, noribogaine shows higher plasma levels than ibogaine and is detected for a longer period than ibogaine.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ibogaine: Complex Pharmacokinetics, Concerns for Safety, and Preliminary Efficacy Measures|pmid=11085338|first1=D. C.|last1=Mash|first2=C. A.|last2=Kovera|first3=J.|last3=Pablo|first4=R. F.|last4=Tyndale|first5=F. D.|last5=Ervin|first6=I. C.|last6=Williams|first7=E. G.|last7=Singleton|first8=M.|last8=Mayor|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|issn=0077-8923|eissn=1749-6632|oclc=01306678|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05213.x|year=2000|volume=914|issue=1|pages=394-401}}</ref> Noribogaine is also more potent than ibogaine in rat drug discrimination assays when tested for the subjective effects of ibogaine.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Noribogaine Generalization to the Ibogaine Stimulus: Correlation with Noribogaine Concentration in Rat Brain|pmid=10379526|doi=10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00003-2|first1=C.|last1=Zubaran|first2=M.|last2=Shoaib|first3=I. P.|last3=Stolerman|first4=J.|last4=Pablo|first5=D. C.|last5=Mash|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|issn=0893-133X|eissn=1740-634X|oclc=815994337|year=1999|volume=21|issue=1|pages=119-126}}</ref>

Ibogaine also has activity as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref>Chen K, Kokate TG, Donevan SD, Carroll FI, Rogawski MA. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8793904/ Ibogaine block of the NMDA receptor: in vitro and in vivo studies]. Neuropharmacology. 1996 Apr;35(4):423-31. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(96)84107-4 10.1016/0028-3908(96)84107-4]. PMID: 8793904.</ref>

==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base

|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - This effect is exclusively produced at low doses.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]''' - Abnormal heartbeat is an uncommon effect and typically only occurs when the individual has preexisting health concerns relating to the cardiovascular system. This effect usually only comes about in high dosages due to inhibition of the hERG channels in the heart which affect repolarization (relaxing of the atria) leading to a change in cardiac activity. It is strongly recommended that one go through a physical health evaluation or screening prior to using this substance. 
*'''[[Effect::Physical autonomy]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' & '''[[Effect::Decreased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Muscle contractions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Constipation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' 
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily heaviness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]''' - This effect differs from most other [[dissociatives]] in that the user is still fairly lucid but physically feels disoriented, off-balance and dizzy.
*'''[[Effect::Withdrawal Suppression]]''' - Ibogaine has been shown to reduce withdrawal symptoms of substances. This effect is most prevalent in opioid withdrawal. <ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28402682/</ref>

}}
{{effects/disconnective|

Despite typically being classed as a [[psychedelic]] [[tryptamine]], this compound also presents [[dissociative]]-like effects due to its properties as an NMDA receptor antagonist.
*'''[[Effect::Consciousness disconnection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Detachment plateaus]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tactile disconnection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual disconnection]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|Holes, spaces and voids]]'''
***'''[[Effect::Visual_disconnection#Structures|Structures]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Machinescapes]]'''

}}
{{effects/visual|
====Enhancements====
*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity enhancement]]'''

====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' ''([[Drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Drifting#Flowing|flowing]])''
*'''[[Effect::Colour shifting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - This particular visual effect is more intense and more consistent than with any commonly used [[psychedelic]].

====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
====Hallucinatory states====
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')

}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This effect is consistent in its manifestation and [[Introspection|introspection]] dominant.
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' - This effect is due to its powerful [[stimulant]] and [[hallucinogenic]] effects that can last well over 24 hours, this is often capable of keeping the user awake for up to several days with traditional doses.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Catharsis]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Feelings of impending doom]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Mindfulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Personality regression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Rejuvenation]]''' - This effect is not usually felt as immediately as it is with [[ayahuasca]] or [[Psilocybin|mushrooms]], and can often take 2 to 4 full nights of sleep to become fully manifested. 
*'''[[Effect::Autonomous voice communication]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought loops]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought organization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Addiction suppression]]'''<ref name="NewsletterMAPS">{{cite magazine|author= H. S. Lotsof|title=ibogaine in the treatment of chemical dependence disorders: clinical perspectives|url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n3/05316ibo.html|work=Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). Winter 1994-95|volume=5|number=3}}</ref>

}}
{{effects/auditory|
*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement|Enhancements]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion|Distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations|Hallucinations]]'''

}}
{{effects/multisensory|
*'''[[Effect::Component controllability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]'''

}}
{{effects/transpersonal|

Anecdotally, these components are generally considered to be most consistent with the [[Naturally occurring sources|naturally-occurring]] [[entheogen|entheogenic]] [[tryptamine|tryptamines]] such as [[ayahuasca]], ibogaine and [[psilocybin]]. 

*'''[[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perception of self-design]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]'''

}}
}}
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:

*[https://erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Ibogaine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Ibogaine]

==Natural sources==
Ibiogaine can be found within a variety of natural sources which are primarily found on the African continent. 

The most common of these are listed below.
<center>
{|
|-
|[[File:Tabernaemontana-undulata-upload.jpg|200px|thumbnail|link=Tabernaemontana_undulata_(botany)|'''[[Tabernaemontana_undulata_(botany)|Tabernaemontana undulata]]''']]||[[File:Iboga.jpg|200px|thumbnail|link=Tabernanthe_iboga_(botany)|'''[[Tabernanthe_iboga_(botany)|Tabernanthe iboga]]''']]||[[File:Voacanga-africana-upload.jpg|200px|thumbnail|link=Voacanga africana (botany)|'''[[Voacanga africana (botany)|Voacanga africana]]''']]
|}
</center>

==Research==
===Addiction treatment===
Research suggests that ibogaine may be useful in treating dependence on other substances such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine and may affect compulsive behavioral patterns not involving substance abuse or chemical dependence. Researchers note that there remains a "need for systematic investigation in a conventional clinical research setting."<ref name="Alper1999">{{cite journal|title=Treatment of Acute Opioid Withdrawal with Ibogaine|pmid=10506904|first1=K. R.|last1=Alper|first2=H. S.|last2=Lotsof|first3=G. M.|last3=Frenken|first4=D. J.|last4=Luciano|first5=J.|last5=Bastiaans|volume=8|issue=3|year=1999|pages=234-242|doi=10.1080/105504999305848|journal=The American Journal on Addictions|issn=1055-0496|eissn=1521-0391|oclc=225097764}}</ref>

Many users of ibogaine report experiencing visual phenomena during a waking dream state, such as instructive replays of life events that led to their addiction, while others report therapeutic shamanic visions that help them conquer the fears and negative emotions that might drive their addiction. It is proposed that intensive counseling, therapy and aftercare during the interruption period following treatment is of significant value. Some individuals require a second or third treatment session with ibogaine over the course of the next 12 to 18 months. A minority of individuals relapse completely into opiate addiction within days or weeks. A comprehensive article on the subject of ibogaine therapy detailing the procedure, effects and aftereffects is found in "Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives".<ref name="NewsletterMAPS" /> Ibogaine has also been reported in multiple small-study cohorts to reduce cravings for methamphetamine.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. James Giannini|year=1997|title=Drugs of Abuse|edition=2|publisher=Practice Management Information Corporation|isbn=1-57066-053-0|oclc=34906127|location=California, United States}}</ref>

There is also evidence that this type of treatment works with [[LSD]], which has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on alcoholism. Both ibogaine and LSD appear to be effective for encouraging introspection and giving the user occasion to reflect on the sources of their addiction, while also producing an intense, transformative experience that can put established patterns of behaviour into perspective;<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Clinical Study of LSD Treatment in Alcoholism|pmid=5798383|doi=10.1176/ajp.126.1.59|first1=A.|last1=Ludwig|first2=J.|last2=Levine|first3=L.|last3=Stark|first4=R.|last4=Lazar|volume=126|issue=1|year=1969|pages=59-69|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|issn=0002-953X|eissn=1535-7228|oclc=1480183}}</ref> ibogaine has the added benefit of preventing withdrawal effects.<ref name="Alper1999" />
===Neuroplasticity===
In 2018, a study demonstrated neuroplasticity induced by noribogaine, an active metabolite of ibogaine, and other psychedelics through TrkB, mTOR, and [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT2A]] signaling.<ref name="LyGreb2018">{{cite journal|last1=Ly|first1=Calvin|last2=Greb|first2=Alexandra C.|last3=Cameron|first3=Lindsay P.|last4=Wong|first4=Jonathan M.|last5=Barragan|first5=Eden V.|last6=Wilson|first6=Paige C.|last7=Burbach|first7=Kyle F.|last8=Soltanzadeh Zarandi|first8=Sina|last9=Sood|first9=Alexander|last10=Paddy|first10=Michael R.|last11=Duim|first11=Whitney C.|last12=Dennis|first12=Megan Y.|last13=McAllister|first13=A. Kimberley|last14=Ori-McKenney|first14=Kassandra M.|last15=Gray|first15=John A.|last16=Olson|first16=David E.|title=Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity|journal=Cell Reports|volume=23|issue=11|year=2018|pages=3170–3182|issn=2211-1247|doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022}}</ref>

==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
{{Further|Responsible use#Hallucinogens}}
Ibogaine has been associated with life-threatening heart complications, such as QT prolongation.<ref>Steinberg C, Deyell MW. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6111465/ Cardiac arrest after ibogaine intoxication]. J Arrhythm. 2018 Jun 12;34(4):455-457. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1002/joa3.12061 10.1002/joa3.12061]. PMID: 30167018; PMCID: PMC6111465.</ref> It can be taken safely, but only under the supervision of trained medical professionals.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Ibogaine is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]], and the desire to use it can actually decrease with regular consumption. Like most [[psychedelics]], it is most often thought to be self-regulating.

==Legal status==
Ibogaine is unregulated and unlicensed in most countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Can a hallucinogen from Africa cure addiction?|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17666589|author=Stephanie Hegarty|date=April 13, 2012|publisher=BBC News|access-date=September 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Shaman Will See You Now|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/the-shaman-will-see-you-now-6440113|author=Keegan Hamilton|date=November 13, 2013|publisher=The Village Voice|access-date=September 29, 2020}}</ref> Some exceptions are listed below.

*'''Brazil''': On January 14, 2016, Ibogaine was legalized for prescription use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibogainealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CONSELHO-ESTADUAL-DE-POLI%CC%81TICAS-SOBRE-DROGAS.pdf|title=CONSELHO ESTADUAL DE POLÍTICAS SOBRE DROGAS|date=January 14, 2016|work=Diário Oficial Poder Executivo - Seção I quinta|language=pt}}</ref>
*'''Canada''': Ibogaine is prescription drug since 2017.<ref>[https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/prescription-drug-list/notice-prescription-drug-list-multiple-additions-2.html Notice - Prescription Drug List (PDL): Multiple additions]</ref>
*'''Germany''': Ibogaine is not a controlled substance under the BtMG<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/BJNR106810981.html|title=BtMG - Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]||access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> (''Narcotics Act'') or the NpSG<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/BJNR261510016.html|title=NpSG - Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> (''New Psychoactive Substances Act''). Technically it would fall under the definition of a medicine by §2 AMG (''Medicines Act'') because it induces a pharmacological effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amg_1976/__2.html|title=§ 2 AMG|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> By a decision of the European Court of Justice, this definition was declared ineffective because it was not compatible with EU law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lto.de/recht/hintergruende/h/eugh-urteil-c35813-c18114-legal-highs-kein-arzneimittel-strafbar-amg-btmg/|title= Cannabinoide Kräutermischungen vor dem EuGH: Legal Highs bleiben legal|publisher=LTO|author=Prof. Dr. Helmut Pollähne|trans-title=Cannabinoid herbal mixtures at the ECJ: Legal highs stay legal|date=July 11, 2014|access-date=December 28, 2019|language=de}}</ref> Ibogaine can be considered unregulated.
*'''Mexico''': As of 2009, ibogaine is unregulated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ibogaine: Can it Cure Addiction Without the Hallucinogenic Trip?|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/11/17/ibogaine-can-it-cure-addiction-without-the-hallucinogenic-trip/|author=Keegan Hamilton|date=November 17, 2010|publisher=The Village Voice|access-date=September 29, 2020}}</ref>
*'''New Zealand''': Ibogaine was gazetted in 2009 as a non-approved prescription medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/class/mccMin03Nov2009.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118105049/https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/class/mccMin03Nov2009.htm|archive-date=January 18, 2017|title=Minutes of the 42nd meeting of the Medicines Classification Committee|date=November 3, 2009|publisher=New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority}}</ref>
*'''Norway''': Ibogaine is illegal (as are all tryptamine derivatives).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2013-02-14-199|title=Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)|date=February 14, 2013|access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=Lovdata|language=no}}</ref>
*'''Sweden''': Ibogaine is a schedule I drug.<ref>{{cite web|title=Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter om förteckningar över narkotika|work=Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling|id=LVFS 1997:12|publisher=Läkemedelsverket [Swedish Medical Products Agency]|issn=1101-5225|date=June 4, 1997|url=https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS%201997-12.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031959/https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS%201997-12.pdf|archive-date=March 6, 2016|language=sv}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': Ibogaine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted|title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016|access-date=January 1, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref>
*'''United States''': Ibogaine is classified as a Schedule I drug,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/orangebook.pdf|title=Lists of: Scheduling Actions, Controlled Substances, Regulated Chemicals|publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)|date=August 2020}}</ref> and is not currently approved for addiction treatment (or any other therapeutic use) because of its hallucinogenic, cardiovascular and possibly neurotoxic side effects, as well as the scarcity of safety and efficacy data in human subjects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Ibogaine#sthash.sKX0AVkG.acvAqx4Q.dpbs|publisher=Common Sense for Drug Policy|editor=Doug McVay|date=June 9, 2020|website=Drug War Facts|access-date=September 30, 2020|title=Ibogaine}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Tryptamines]]
*[[Entheogens]]
*[[Psychedelics]]
*[[Ayahuasca]]

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine Ibogaine (Wikipedia)]
*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/ibogaine/ibogaine.shtml Ibogaine (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=tk&id=25 Ibogaine (TiHKAL / Isomer Design)]
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Ibogaine Ibogaine (Drugs-Forum)]

===Discussion===

*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/59366-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Ibogaine-Thread The Big & Dandy Ibogaine Thread (Bluelight)]

==Literature==

*Mačiulaitis, R., Kontrimavičiūtė, V., Bressolle, F. M. M., & Briedis, V. (2008). Ibogaine, an anti-addictive drug: pharmacology and time to go further in development. A narrative review. Human & experimental toxicology, 27(3), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327107087802.
*Koenig, X., & Hilber, K. (2015). The anti-addiction drug ibogaine and the heart: a delicate relation. Molecules, 20(2), 2208-2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022208

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Alkaloider]]
[[Category:Tryptaminer]]
[[Category:Psykedelika]]
[[Category:Enteogener]]

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