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	== Generell information ==		== Generell information ==
	Ordet ergotalkaloider kommer från ergot ([[claviceps purpurea\|mjöldryga]] på svenska).		Ordet ergotalkaloider kommer från ergot ([[claviceps purpurea\|mjöldryga]] på svenska).

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[[kategori:Molekyler]]
[[kategori:Fakta om droger]]
== Generell information ==
Ordet ergotalkaloider kommer från ergot ([[claviceps purpurea|mjöldryga]] på svenska).

Vissa naturliga och syntetiska ergotalkaloider såsom [[LSA]] (ergin), [[LSH]], [[LSD]] ger [[Psykedelia|psykedeliska]] effekter. Naturliga källor såsom [[Ipomoea]], [[Rivea corymbosa]] och Paspalum (se [[Claviceps paspali]]) har använts som [[enteogen]]er genom mänsklighetens historia.

Vissa andra ergotalkaloider såsom [[ergotamin]] och andra ergotpeptider är mer eller mindre giftiga och kan i värsta fall (hög dos eller många doser under lång tid) leda till kallbrand och/eller döden. Men som med alla gifter så finns även medicinska användningsområden. Ergotamin kan exempelvis användas för att lindra migrän.

== Olika ergotalkaloider ==

{{quote|'''The Psychoactive Ergot Alkaloids:'''

This group contains five compounds known to be psychoactive in humans, these are ergine, isoergine, ergonovine, elymoclavine and lysergol. [[LSA|Ergine (LA 111)]] produces a [[enteogen|entheogenic]] effect with sedative side-effects (Hoffman, 1963). Ergonovine also produces a entheogenic effect (Bigwood et al., 1979). Elymoclavine is the probable entheogenic alkaloid of Tchunfki (Costa et al., 1992). Lysergol has also been found to be weakly entheogenic in experiments on humans (Heimann, 1965). Isoergine produces sedative effects and `a feeling of mental emptiness and of the unreality and complete meaningless of the outside world' ([[Albert Hofmann|Hoffman]], 1971).

Animal experiments have shown that elymoclavine, lysergol, [[LSD]] and several other ergot alkaloids such as agroclavine, triseclavine, penniclavine, lysergine and lysergene have excitory effects on the central nervous system (Yui & Takeo, 1958a) as well as lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide which also excites the central nervous system in animals (Glasser, 1961). The effects of agroclavine are similar to those of elymoclavine and LSD on rabbits (Yui & Takeo, 1958b), indicating that the effect of agroclavine may well be psychoactive in humans as well. It also seems likely that agroclavine, triseclavine, penniclavine, lysergine and lysergene and lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide will be psychoactive in humans. Even ergot alkaloids such as chanoclavine and ergonovine which do not produce psychoactive effects when administered in low doses (Hoffman, 1963) cannot be ruled out as not being psychoactive in humans in high doses, which is what happens with ergonovine at high doses (Bigwood et al., 1979).|The Psychoactive Ergot Alkaloids and their occurrence in the Microfungi<ref>[http://www.tacethno.com/info/claviceps/ergotalkfungi.txt The Psychoactive Ergot Alkaloids and their occurrence in the Microfungi (M. P. Bock and D. G. Parbery)]</ref>}}

=== Naturligt förekommande ===
Obs, ej komplett lista.

[[Image:Clav7.jpg|thumb|right|Claviceps purpurea]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Namn !! Synonym !! Dos/kommentar/källa
|-
|Agroclavin || ||
|-
|Chanoclavin || ||
|-
|Elymoclavin || || Psykoaktiv.
|-
|Ergonovin || Ergometrin, ergobasin, ergotocin, ergostetrin ||Psykoaktiv. Dos 5-10mg<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=7691&DocPartID=6806 Entheogenic Effects of Ergonovine (Bigwood & Ott)]</ref>
|-
|Isoergin || || Psykoaktiv.
|-
|[[Ergotamin]] || ||
|-
|Lysergen || ||
|-
|Lysergin || ||
|-
|Lysergol || || Psykoaktiv.
|-
|Lysergsyra || ||
|-
|[[LSA]] || Ergin, LA-111, lysergamid || Psykoaktiv. Dos 2-5mg.
|-
|[[LSH]] || Lysergsyrahydroxietylamid || Psykoaktiv.
|-
|Penniclavin || || Förstärker effekten av LSH?<ref>[https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/27850299/fpart/all/vc/1 Shroomery: LSH tek: 500 Heavenly blue morning glory extract in 1oz everclear + 1 oz wine, imagine your best 3 hit LSD experience x 2]</ref>
|-
|Triseclavin || ||
|}

=== Syntetiska ===
[[Image:Alex_grey.JPG|thumb|right|Albert Hofmann på LSD-blotter]]
Obs, ej komplett lista.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Namn !! Systematiskt namn / andra namn !! Dos !! Källa
|-
|[[ALD-52]] || 1-acetyl-N,N-dietyllysergamid || 50-175ug ||
|-
|DAM-57 || N,N-dimetyllysergamid || runt 1mg ||
|-
|DAL || N,N-diallyllysergamid || 600ug - ||
|-
|ETH-LAD || 6-etyl-6-nor-lysergsyradietylamid || 40-150ug || <ref>[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=5012IsomerDesign: ETH-LAD]</ref><ref>[https://erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal12.shtml TIHKAL - #12 ETH-LAD]</ref>
|-
|LAE-32 || N-etyllysergamid || 1.6 mg - ||
|-
|LPD-824 || N-pyrrolidyllysergamid || 800ug - ||
|-
|[[LSD]] || D-lysergsyradietylamid || 60-200ug || <ref name=shul>[http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal26.shtml TIHKAL - #26 LSD-25] Shulgin skriver en hel del om LSD och andra ergotalkaloider här.</ref>
|-
|LSM-775 || N-morpholinyllysergamid || 75-700ug ||
|-
|MLD-41 || 1-metyl-N,N-dietyllysergamid || 100-300ug ||
|-
|UML-491 || Metysergid, Sansert || 20mg ||
|-
|Metylergonovin || metylergometrin, metylergobasin, d-lysergsyra-1-butanolamid || 2mg || <ref>[https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=7680&DocPartID=6795 Entheogenic (Hallucinogenic) Effects Of Methylergonovine (Ott & Neely)]</ref>
|}

Källa: Bland annat Tihkal.<ref name=shul></ref>

Flera LSD-analoger har dykt upp på RC-marknaden under 2010-talet. Det handlar om molekyler med substitutioner på kvävets 1-postion, exempelvis 1a-LSD<ref>[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=5301 IsomerDesign: 1A-LSD]</ref>, 1b-LSD<ref>[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=7037 IsomerDesign: 1B-LSD]</ref>, 1p-LSD<ref>[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=5916 IsomerDesign: 1P-LSD]</ref>. De har ungefär samma dosering som LSD och 1P-LSD har visat sig omvandlas till LSD i kroppen.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26456305 Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD) (Brandt, 2015)]</ref><ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dta.2821 Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of 1P‐LSD in humans after oral and intravenous administration (Grumann, 2020)]</ref> Detsamma gäller förmodligen även för de övriga.

== Källor till ergotalkaloider i naturen==
Se listor i artikeln [[parasitsvampar]].

Ett flertal växter i familjen [[Convolvulaceae]] lever i symbios med parasitsvamparna som sprider sig vidare med frön och ger dom sin psykoaktiva effekt.

Andra växtfamiljer såsom [[Cyperaceae]] och [[Poaceae]] infekteras av andra parasitsvampar.

==Kemi==
[[Image:ergotalkaloids6.jpg|none]]
<table><tr>
<td>[[Image:Lsa.gif|thumb|LSA]]</td>
<td>[[Image:LSD.gif|thumb|LSD]]</td>
<td>[[Image:LSH.png|thumb|LSH]]</td>
</tr></table>
[[Image:ergotalkaloids3.jpg]]

[[Image:ergotalkaloids5.jpg]]

[[Image:ergotalkaloids7.jpg]]

===Biosyntes===
[[Bild:Lysergic_acid_biosynthesis.png]]

==Trådar på magiska molekyler==

[https://forum.magiskamolekyler.org/index.php?showtopic=15591 Ergotalkaloider] och var man hittar dom.

== Externa länkar ==
<references/>

[http://www.tacethno.com/info/claviceps/species.html The Known and Suspected Psychoactive Ergot Alkaloids]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16525783&query_hl=30&itool=pubmed_docsum Molecular characterization of a seed transmitted clavicipitaceous fungus Occurring on dicotyledoneous plants (Convolvulaceae)]

Ergotalkaloider - Versionshistorik

Sysop den 2 november 2025 kl. 16.12

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sv>Knarkkorven den 18 augusti 2022 kl. 20.15