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{{Distinguish|3-HO-PCE}}
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/3-HO-PCP}}

'''3-Hydroxyphencyclidine''' (commonly known as '''3-HO-PCP''') is a novel [[Psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[Chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] class that produces potent [[dissociative]], [[hallucinogenic]] and [[euphoric]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. In addition to its primary activity as a [[NMDA receptor antagonist]], it has been found to have appreciable affinity for the [[μ-opioid]] [[receptor]].<ref name="3HOPCPmu">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Itzhak, Y.)), ((Kalir, A.)), ((Sarne, Y.)) | journal=European Journal of Pharmacology | title=On the opioid nature of phencyclidine and its 3-hydroxy derivative | volume=73 | issue=2–3 | pages=229–233 | date= July 1981 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014299981900972 | issn=00142999 | doi=10.1016/0014-2999(81)90097-2}}</ref>

3-HO-PCP was first synthesized in 1978 to investigate the structure-activity relationship of [[phencyclidine]] (PCP) derivatives.<ref name="3HOPCPsar">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kalir, A.)), ((Maayani, S.)), ((Rehavi, M.)), ((Elkavets, R.)), ((Pri-Bar, I.)), ((Buchman, O.)), ((Sokolovsky, M.)) | journal=Chemischer Informationsdienst | title=ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF SOME PHENCYCLIDINE DERIVATIVES- IN VIVO STUDIES IN MICE | volume=9 | issue=25 | date=20 June 1978 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chin.197825192 | issn=00092975 | doi=10.1002/chin.197825192}}</ref> It was further explored alongside [[PCP]] in the 1980s, where it was discovered to possess [[μ-opioid]] [[agonist]] activity in animal models.<ref name="3HOPCPmu" />

Like other substances of its class, particularly [[methoxetamine]] (MXE), [[phencyclidine]] (PCP), and [[3-MeO-PCE]], it is known to primarily induce a state referred to as "[[dissociatives#Subjective effects|dissociative anesthesia]]", albeit the extent to which this occurs has been reported to be highly dose-dependent and variable in its effects.{{citation needed}} It is unknown whether the studied opioid properties in animal models applies to humans, with some early reports suggesting that it does not.

There are also reports that suggest this compound may produce more physical side effects such as muscle soreness and flu-like symptoms during or shortly after administration. This suggests it may be uniquely more dangerous or toxic than related dissociatives, particularly at higher doses.

Today, 3-HO-PCP is almost exclusively distributed as a gray area [[research chemical]] by online vendors.<ref name="Morris2014">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morris, H.)), ((Wallach, J.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs: PCP to MXE | volume=6 | issue=7–8 | pages=614–632 | date= July 2014 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1620 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}</ref> Extremely little is known about its pharmacology, metabolism and toxicity in humans. Due to its sensitive dose-response, potential habit-forming properties, as well as unknown toxicity profile, it is strongly recommended that one use proper [[harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance.

==History and culture==
{{historyStub}}

3-HO-PCP was first synthesized in 1978 to investigate the structure-activity relationship of [[phencyclidine]] (PCP) derivatives.<ref name="3HOPCPsar" /> It was further explored alongside [[PCP]] in the 1980s, where it was discovered to possess [[μ-opioid]] [[agonist]] activity in animal models.<ref name="3HOPCPmu" />

Its potential as a [[research chemical]] for human use was not suggested until 1999 when a chemist using the pseudonym John Q. Beagle reported on its significantly increased potency relative to PCP as well as its "profoundly enhanced affinity for the opiate receptor" which was estimated to give it analgesic activity one order of magnitude lower than [[morphine]].<ref>{{Citation | title=Structure Activity of PCP analogs | url=https://erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/pcp/sar.html#sarphenyl}}</ref><ref name="Morris2014" />

On October 18, 2012, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs in the United Kingdom released a report about methoxetamine, saying that the "harms of methoxetamine are commensurate with Class B of the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)", despite the fact that the act does not classify drugs based on harm. The report suggests that all analogs of MXE should also become class B drugs and suggested a catch-all clause covering both existing and unresearched arylcyclohexamines, including 3-HO-PCP.<ref>{{Citation | title=Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) Methoxetamine report, 2012 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/advisory-council-on-the-misuse-of-drugs-acmd-methoxetamine-report-2012}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
3-HO-PCP, or 3-hydroxyphencyclidine, is a synthetic dissociative of the arylcyclohexylamine class. The structure of 3-HO-PCP is comprised of cyclohexane, a six-member saturated ring, bonded to two additional rings at R<sub>1</sub>. One of these rings is a piperidine ring, a nitrogenous six member ring, bonded at its nitrogen group. The other ring is an aromatic phenyl ring, substituted at R<sub>3</sub> with a hydroxy group.

3-HO-PCP is a structural analog of [[PCP]] and a homolog [[3-MeO-PCP]].

==Pharmacology==
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}}
Like other [[arylcyclohexylamine]] [[dissociatives]], 3-HO-PCP acts principally as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref name="3HOPCPsar" />

The NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) receptor, a specific subtype of the [[glutamate]] receptor, modulates the transmission of electrical signals between neurons in the brain and spinal cord; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives inhibit the normal functioning NMDA receptors by binding to and blocking them. This disruption of neural network activity causes network disintegration, some research suggests, by hyperconnectivity throughout the brain. This causes an increase in noise (random, nonsensical and erraneous data) on the cerebral network and thus produces loss of normal cognitive and affective processing, psychomotor functioning, anesthesia. This is often observed in those showing psychosis or induced with high-dose IV THC or Ketamine in healthy participants, please see references. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fusar-Poli, P.)), ((Crippa, J. A.)), ((Bhattacharyya, S.)), ((Borgwardt, S. J.)), ((Allen, P.)), ((Martin-Santos, R.)), ((Seal, M.)), ((Surguladze, S. A.)), ((O’Carrol, C.)), ((Atakan, Z.)), ((Zuardi, A. W.)), ((McGuire, P. K.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Distinct Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing | volume=66 | issue=1 | pages=95 | date=1 January 2009 | url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482939 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Doyle, O. M.)), ((De Simoni, S.)), ((Schwarz, A. J.)), ((Brittain, C.)), ((O’Daly, O. G.)), ((Williams, S. C. R.)), ((Mehta, M. A.)) | journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | title=Quantifying the Attenuation of the Ketamine Pharmacological Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response in Humans: A Validation Using Antipsychotic and Glutamatergic Agents | volume=345 | issue=1 | pages=151–160 | date= April 2013 | url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1124/jpet.112.201665 | issn=0022-3565 | doi=10.1124/jpet.112.201665}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gisselgård, J.)), ((Anda, L. G.)), ((Brønnick, K.)), ((Langeveld, J.)), ((Velden Hegelstad, W. ten)), ((Joa, I.)), ((Johannessen, J. O.)), ((Larsen, T. K.)) | journal=Schizophrenia Research | title=Verbal working memory deficits predict levels of auditory hallucination in first-episode psychosis | volume=153 | issue=1–3 | pages=38–41 | date= March 2014 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0920996413006968 | issn=09209964 | doi=10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.018}}</ref>

Unlike many other dissociatives, 3-HO-PCP has also been found to have appreciable affinity as a [[μ-opioid]] [[receptor]] [[agonist]] in animal models.<ref name="3HOPCPmu" /> However, the extent to which this applies to humans remains unknown.

==Subjective effects==
{{effectStub}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}

{{effects/base

|{{effects/physical|

*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' & '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - These two effects can alter between one another.
*'''[[Effect::Restless legs]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - 3-HO-PCP has been reported to more readily induce euphoria than most other dissociatives, such as [[ketamine]] or [[diphenidine]].
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' and '''[[Effect::Tactile suppression]]''' - At lower dosages, this compound tends to induce tactile enhancements. At higher dosages, this enhancement shifts towards tactile suppressions and [[pain relief|anesthesia]].
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - This substance can produce distinct nerve-signal blocking anesthetic effects typically fit for surgical settings, but only in the stronger to heavier dose ranges.
*'''[[Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]''' - In contrast to other dissociatives like ketamine, this effect is only prominent at high doses.
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Olfactory hallucinations]]
*'''[[Effect::Optical sliding]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Orgasm suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Erectile dysfunction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Seizure]]''' - This extent to which this effect can be produced is unknown but can likely happen in those predisposed to them, especially while in physically taxing conditions such as being dehydrated, fatigued or undernourished.

}}
{{effects/disconnective|
The disconnective effects of this compound appear to be less prominent compared to dissociatives like [[ketamine]] or [[MXE]]. They seem to not occur at common doses and may only occur at levels that may be accompanied by potentially dangerous side effects.

*'''[[Effect::Tactile disconnection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual disconnection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Consciousness disconnection]]'''

}}
|{{effects/cognitive|

*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]''' - This effect is more prominent based on the route of administration used. For example, it is especially present when [[Route of administration#Smoked|smoked]] or [[Route of administration#Vaporized|vaporized]], due to the relative abruptness of the substance entering and leaving the bloodstream.
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Creativity Enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Déjà vu]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]''' & '''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]'''

}}
{{effects/auditory|

*'''[[Effect::Auditory suppression|Suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion|Distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations|Hallucinations]]'''

}}
{{effects/visual|

*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Double vision]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Frame rate suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition suppression]]'''

====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]'''

====Hallucinatory states====
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')

}}
}}
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:

*[https://erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_3HOPCP.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 3-HO-PCP]

==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-HO-PCP use have not been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-HO-PCP has an extremely brief history of human usage.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===
While evidence is lacking, early reports suggest that the chronic use of 3-HO-PCP is likely to be [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for adverse side effects such as psychosis]]. As with the closely related analog [[3-MeO-PCP]], reports suggest that 3-HO-PCP may be more habit-forming than dissociatives such as [[MXE]], [[diphenidine]], [[ephenidine]], [[DCK]], and [[ketamine]]. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

Tolerance to many of the effects of 3-HO-PCP is thought to develop [[Time to full tolerance::with prolonged and repeated use]]. If true, this would require users to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it likely takes about [[Time to half tolerance::4 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 3-HO-PCP likely presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dissociative]]s]], meaning that after the use of 3-HO-PCP, all [[dissociative]]s will have a reduced effect.

It is recommended that one exercise extreme caution and [[responsible drug use|harm reduction]] practices when using this substance.

*Users should avoid taking the substance multiple days in a row or becoming dependent/addicted to it as this seems to be the main common factor in the observed incidences of severe adverse effects associated with closely related substances like [[3-MeO-PCP]].
*The recommended dosage range should not be exceeded as high doses are likely to trigger these effects as well.
*Users should start with extremely low doses and work their way up as slowly as possible. [[Volumetric liquid dosing|Volumetric liquid dosing]] should preferably be used due to the drug's potency; most standard milligram scales cannot accurately weigh out doses below 10-15mg.<ref>3-HO-PCP (Tripsit) | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/3-HO-PCP</ref>
*[[Compulsive redosing]] before one has fully sobered up is not recommended and can result in too high of a dose being administered, which may result in highly unpredictable side effects.

Due to the potential risk of psychosis, it is not recommended to combine 3-HO-PCP with any other substances, especially [[stimulants]], [[psychedelics]], or other [[dissociatives]]. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]], such as [[volumetric dosing]], when using this substance to ensure the administration of the intended dose.

===Urinary tract effects===
3-HO-PCP is likely to exhibit similar bladder and urinary tract problems to those found within [[ketamine]] when used repeatedly and excessively for extended periods of time, but to a lesser extent. This is likely because 3-HO-PCP is far more potent than ketamine, so significantly less of drug needs to be consumed. Symptoms of ketamine-induced cystitis can become extremely serious and can be described as:

*'''Urinary frequency''' - Urinary frequency is the need to empty the bladder every few minutes.
*'''Urinary urgency''' - This can be described as a sudden, compelling need to urinate.
*'''Urinary pressure''' - This is experienced as a constant sensation of fullness in the bladder that is unrelieved by urination.
*'''Pelvic and bladder pain''' - Pain can develop suddenly and severely, particularly as the bladder fills with urine.
*'''Hematuria''' - Hematuria is visible blood in the urine.
*'''Incontinence''' - This is the leakage of urine.

===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Dissos}}

==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}

*'''Czech Republic:''' 3-HO-PCP is a Schedule I (List 4) substance. It may be used for research and restricted therapeutic purposes. (§ 1, d), 1. of ''Nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.'')<ref>https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463?text=o+seznamech+n%C3%A1vykov%C3%BDch</ref>
*'''Germany:''' 3-HO-PCP is not a controlled substance under the BtMG.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage I BtMG - Einzelnorm | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html}}</ref> It is legal, as long as it is not sold for human consumption, according to §2 AMG.<ref>{{Citation | title=§ 2 AMG - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amg_1976/__2.html}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland:''' 3-HO-PCP is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' 3-HO-PCP is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı CK Karar Sayısı : 1335 | https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/07/20190720-19.pdf</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''' - 3-HO-PCP is a class B drug in the UK and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import. As a derivative of 1-Phenylcyclohexylamine where the amine has been replaced with a 1-piperidyl group, further substituted in the phenyl ring with a hydroxy substituent, it is covered by the arylcyclohexylamine generic clause added to the Misuse of Drugs Act by S.I. 2013/239, which came into effect on the 26th February 2013.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2013 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/239/introduction/made}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]
**[[Volumetric dosing]]
*[[Research chemical]]
*[[Dissociatives]]
*[[Arylcyclohexylamines]]
*[[3-MeO-PCP]]
*[[PCP]]

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-HO-PCP 3-HO-PCP (Wikipedia)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=969 3-HO-PCP (Isomer Design)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170111011440*/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2 Interview with a Ketamine Chemist (VICE)]

==Literature==

*Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). '''''From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs.''''' ''Drug Testing and Analysis'', 6(7–8), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620
*Kalir, A., Elkavets, R., Maayani, S., Rehavi, M., Sokolovsky, M., Pri-Bar, I., & Buchman, O. (1978). Structure-activity relationship of some phencyclidine derivatives: in vivo studies in mice. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 13(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchin.197825192

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Arylcyclohexylamine]]
[[Category:Piperidine]]
[[Category:Dissociative]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]

{{#set:Featured=true}}

3-HO-PCP - Revision history

Sysop: 1 revision imported

en>Blackhole: added important category