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[[File:Dissociatives w - glutamate.png|370px|thumbnail|A diagrammatic comparison of the structures of [[glutamate]] and various popular dissociatives.]]
'''Dissociatives''' (also referred to as '''dissociative anesthetics''') are a class of [[hallucinogen]]. Members of this class are characterized by distorted sensory perceptions and feelings of disconnection or detachment from the environment and self. The phenomenology is often described in terms of reducing or blocking signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the central nervous system.<ref name="Tamminga CA, Tanimoto K, Kuo S, Chase TN, Contreras PC, Rice KC, Jackson AE, O'Donohue TL.">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Tamminga, C. A.)), ((Tanimoto, K.)), ((Kuo, S.)), ((Chase, T. N.)), ((Contreras, P. C.)), ((Rice, K. C.)), ((Jackson, A. E.)), ((O’Donohue, T. L.)) | journal=Synapse (New York, N.Y.) | title=PCP-induced alterations in cerebral glucose utilization in rat brain: blockade by metaphit, a PCP-receptor-acylating agent | volume=1 | issue=5 | pages=497–504 | date= 1987 | issn=0887-4476 | doi=10.1002/syn.890010514}}</ref>

Many dissociatives have general [[depressant]] effects and can produce [[sedation]], [[respiratory depression]], [[analgesia]], anesthesia, and [[ataxia]], as well as cognitive and memory impairment and [[amnesia]]. Some dissociatives affect the [[dopamine]]<ref name="Giannini">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Giannini, A. J.)), ((Eighan, M. S.)), ((Loiselle, R. H.)), ((Giannini, M. C.)) | journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Comparison of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in the treatment of phencyclidine psychosis | volume=24 | issue=4 | pages=202–204 | date= April 1984 | issn=0091-2700 | doi=10.1002/j.1552-4604.1984.tb01831.x}}</ref> and/or [[opioid]]<ref name="Giannini2">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Giannini, A. J.)), ((Underwood, N. A.)), ((Condon, M.)) | journal=American Journal of Therapeutics | title=Acute ketamine intoxication treated by haloperidol: a preliminary study | volume=7 | issue=6 | pages=389–391 | date= November 2000 | issn=1075-2765 | doi=10.1097/00045391-200007060-00008}}</ref> systems and are capable of inducing [[euphoria]].

Dissociatives can produce a range of [[subjective effects]] similar to [[psychedelics]]: [[geometry|closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[introspection|enhanced introspection]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bowdle | first=Andrew T. | last2=Radant | first2=Allen D. | last3=Cowley | first3=Deborah S. | last4=Kharasch | first4=Evan D. | last5=Strassman | first5=Rick J. | last6=Roy-Byrne | first6=Peter P. | title=Psychedelic Effects of Ketamine in Healthy Volunteers | journal=Anesthesiology | publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | volume=88 | issue=1 | date=1998-01-01 | issn=0003-3022 | doi=10.1097/00000542-199801000-00015 | pages=82–88}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Jansen | first=Karl L.R. | title=A Review of the Nonmedical Use of Ketamine: Use, Users and Consequences | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=32 | issue=4 | year=2000 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2000.10400244 | pages=419–433}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Kolp | first=Eli | last2=Friedman | first2=Harris L. | last3=Krupitsky | first3=Evgeny | last4=Jansen | first4=Karl | last5=Sylvester | first5=Mark | last6=Young | first6=M. Scott | last7=Kolp | first7=Anna | title=Ketamine Psychedelic Psychotherapy: Focus on its Pharmacology, Phenomenology, and Clinical Applications | journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies | volume=33 | issue=2 | date=2014-07-01 | issn=1321-0122 | doi=10.24972/ijts.2014.33.2.84 | pages=93–96|url=https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies/vol33/iss2/8/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Reissig | first=Chad J. | last2=Carter | first2=Lawrence P. | last3=Johnson | first3=Matthew W. | last4=Mintzer | first4=Miriam Z. | last5=Klinedinst | first5=Margaret A. | last6=Griffiths | first6=Roland R. | title=High doses of dextromethorphan, an NMDA antagonist, produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens | journal=Psychopharmacology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=223 | issue=1 | date=2012-04-13 | issn=0033-3158 | doi=10.1007/s00213-012-2680-6 | pages=1–15}}</ref>

==Mechanism of action==
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}}
NMDA [[receptor]]s within the brain exist to allow for the transfer of electrical signals between [[neurons]] in the brain and in the spinal column. For electrical signals to pass, the NMDA receptor must be open. To remain open, the neurotransmitters known as [[glutamate]] and [[glycine]] must bind to the NMDA receptor. An NMDA receptor that has glycine and glutamate bound to it and has an open ion channel is called "activated."

Dissociatives are classed as NMDA receptor [[antagonists]]. This means they bind to the receptor, but do not activate it and block other neurotransmitters from doing so. The result is a dose dependent decrease in the passing of electrical signals across the brain and an overall disconnection of neurons. This leads onto states of disconnection between conscious parts of the brain and its sensory organs as well as out-of-body experiences and accompanying hallucinations.

==Chemical classes==

<div class="flex-panel">
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<h3 class="panel-header">[[Arylcyclohexylamines]]</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">

<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Ketamine]]
*[[Phencyclidine]] (''PCP'')
*[[Eticyclidine]] (''PCE'')
*[[Deschloroketamine]] (''DCK'')
*[[2-Fluorodeschloroketamine]] (''2-FDCK'')
*[[Methoxetamine]] (''MXE'')
*[[Deoxymethoxetamine]] (''DMXE'')
*3-HO-2'-Oxo-PCE (HXE)
*[[Methoxpropamine]] (''MXPr'')
*[[MXiPr|Methoxisopropamine]] (''MXiPr'')
*[[O-PCE]]
*[[3-HO-PCP]]
*[[3-Me-PCP]]
*[[3-MeO-PCP]]
*[[4-MeO-PCP]]
*[[3-HO-PCE]]
*[[3-MeO-PCE]]
*[[3-MeO-PCMo]]
*[[Methoxyketamine]] (''MXM'')
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

<div class="flex-column">
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<h3 class="panel-header">[[Morphinans]]</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">
<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Dextromethorphan]] (''DXM'')
*[[Dextrorphan]] (''DXO'')
</li>
</ul>
</div>

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<h3 class="panel-header">[[Diarylethylamines]]</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">
<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Ephenidine]]
*[[Diphenidine]]
*[[Methoxphenidine]] (''MXP'')
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

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<h3 class="panel-header">Others</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">
<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Ibogaine]]
*[[Diethyl Ether]]
*Huperzine A
*[[Nitrous oxide]]
*[[Xenon]]
*[[Galantamine]]
*[[Memantine]]
*[[Salvinorin A]]
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}

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<h3 class="panel-header">Visual effects [[File:Eye.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

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<li class="featured list-item">
<h4 class="media-heading">Suppressions</h4>
*[[Double vision]]
*[[Pattern recognition suppression]]
*[[Optical sliding]]
*[[Visual acuity suppression]]
*[[Frame rate suppression]]
</li>

<li class="featured list-item">
<h4 class="media-heading">Distortions</h4>
*[[Perspective distortions|Perspective distortions]]
*[[Environmental cubism|Environmental cubism]]
*[[Environmental orbism|Environmental orbism]]
*[[Scenery slicing|Scenery slicing]]
</li>

<li class="featured list-item">
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Geometry]]</h4>
In comparison to other classes of [[hallucinogen]], this effect is significantly less complex and intricate with a limited range of effects. It does not extend beyond level 4 and is variable within most of its [[Geometry#Variations|variations]] but is exclusively simplistic in complexity, unstructured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, slow in movement and immersive in depth.
</li>

<li class="featured list-item">
<h4 class="media-heading">Hallucinatory states</h4>
*[[Perspective alterations]]
*[[Autonomous entities]]
*[[Scenarios and plots]]
*[[Settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]
*[[Shadow people]]
<h5 class="media-heading" style="font-weight: bold;">[[External hallucinations]]</h5>
In comparison to other classes of [[hallucinogen]], this effect can occur at heavy dosages, but is extremely infrequent in comparison to the same effect found within [[deliriant]]s. <p>It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability, autonomous in controllability and solid in appearance.</p><p> The most common theme for this effect to follow is one of experiencing and talking to friends around oneself when they are not actually present.</p>
<h5 class="media-heading" style="font-weight: bold;">[[Internal hallucinations]]</h5>
In comparison to other classes of [[hallucinogen]], this effect can occur at heavy dosages but is considerably less common than the same effect found within [[psychedelic]]s and [[deliriant]]s. <p>It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability, fixed in style, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content, autonomous in controllability and solid in appearance.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flex-column">
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<h3 class="panel-header">Disconnective effects [[File:Chain-broken.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">
<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Consciousness disconnection]]
*[[Detachment plateaus]]
*[[Tactile disconnection]]
*[[Visual disconnection]]
**[[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|Holes, spaces and voids]]
***[[Visual_disconnection#Structures|Structures]]
</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="panel radius">
<h3 class="panel-header">[[Cognitive effects]] [[File:User.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">
<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Amnesia]]
*[[Conceptual thinking]]
*[[Cognitive euphoria]]
*[[Déjà vu]]
*[[Depersonalization]]
*[[Derealization]]
*[[Dream potentiation]]
*[[Increased music appreciation]]
*[[Analysis suppression]]
*[[Introspection]]
*[[Memory suppression]]
**[[Ego death]]
*[[Personal bias suppression]]
*[[Autonomous voice communication]]
*[[Thought connectivity]]
*[[Thought deceleration]]
*[[Thought loops]]
*[[Time distortion]]
*[[Unity and interconnectedness]]
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

<div class="flex-column">
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<h3 class="panel-header">Physical effects [[File:Child.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">
<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Perception of bodily lightness]]
*[[Physical autonomy|Physical autonomy]]
*[[Physical euphoria]]
*[[Tactile suppression|Tactile suppression]]
*[[Motor control loss]]
*[[Pain relief]]
*[[Orgasm suppression]]
</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="panel radius">
<h3 class="panel-header">Auditory effects [[File:Volume-up.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">
<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Auditory distortion]]
*[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]
*[[Auditory suppression]]
</li>
</ul>
</div>

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<h3 class="panel-header">Multisensory effects [[File:Cogs.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

<ul class="featured-table">
<li class="featured list-item">
*[[Machinescapes]]
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Hallucinogens]]
*[[Psychedelics]]
*[[Deliriants]]

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative Dissociative (Wikipedia)]

==Literature==

*Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(7–8), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Psychoactive class]]
[[Category:Dissociative|*]]

{{#set:Featured=true}}

Dissociatives - Revision history

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