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[[File:Morninggloryseeds3d.jpg|thumb|200px|Morning glory seeds, mixed colors.]]

'''Morning glory''' (also written as '''morning-glory''') is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae that belong to many genera, whose current taxonomy and systematics are in flux.

'''Morning glory seeds''' ('''MGS''') in the context of psychonautics, is a term used to describe a few species that contains [[LSA]].<ref>Austin, D. F. 1997. Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family). https://web.archive.org/web/20040407211521/http://www.fau.edu/divdept/biology/people/daustin/convolv.html</ref>

==History==
''Argyreia nervosa'' is a rare example of a plant whose healing properties were not recognized until recent times. While several of its cousins in the Convolvulaceae family, such as ''[[Rivea corymbosa]]'' (ololiuhqui) and ''[[Ipomoea tricolor]]'' (tlitliltzin), were used in shamanic rituals of Latin America for centuries, ''A. nervosa'' was not traditionally used for this purpose. Huna shamans used ''A. nervosa'' according to various oral histories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge|url=http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=28|website=www.entheology.org}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
The Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds have higher concentration of LSA and on average 10 times more alkaloids by weight than seeds from ''Turbina corymbosa'' (Ololiúqui), or ''Ipomoea tricolor'' cultivars ''Heavenly Blue'', ''Pearly Gates'', ''Wedding Bells''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Erowid Psychoactive Vaults|url=https://erowid.org/plants/hbw/hbw_info1.shtml|website=erowid.org}}</ref>

Synthesizing [[LSD]] from [[LSA]] extracted from morning glory seeds or Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds is theoretically possible, but impractical and uncommon due to the fact that these seeds have a considerable amount of clavinet alkaloids. Ergot, or more recently introduced, [[sleepy grass]] (''Stipa robusta''), is needed to produce really high quality LSD.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fester|first1=Uncle|title=Practical LSD manufacture|year=1997|publisher=Loompanics Unlimited|location=Port Townsend, WA|isbn=978-1559501613|edition=Rev. and expanded 2nd}}</ref>

==Pharmacology==

===Controversy===
It is often stated that ergine and/or isoergine (its epimer) is responsible for the psychedelic activity. However, this theory is debatable, as anecdotal reports suggest that the effects of synthetic LSA and iso-LSA are only slightly psychedelic, see ''Mixing the Kykeon'' below for a summary of human trials, and Chapter 17 and entry #26 of [[TiHKAL]] for further discussion.

==Psychoactive use==
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds is a popular legal high.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schmidt|first1=MM|last2=Sharma|first2=A|last3=Schifano|first3=F|last4=Feinmann|first4=C|title="Legal highs" on the net-Evaluation of UK-based Websites, products and product information.|journal=Forensic science international|date=March 20, 2011|volume=206|issue=1-3|pages=92-7|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.030|pmid=20650576}}</ref> However, despite the higher concentration of alkaloids in the Woodrose seeds, the trip is generally experienced as somatically unpleasant.

Anti-nausea drugs such as [[diphenhydramine]], [[cyclizine]], [[meclizine]] or [[trimethobenzamide]], may be taken beforehand to
prevent nausea from morning glory seeds.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alpert|first1=Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner, Richard|title=The psychedelic experience : a manual based on the Tibetan book of the dead|year=1992|publisher=Citadel Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0806516523|edition=1st Citadel underground}}</ref>

Some users report that drinking either ginger tea or a glass of orange juice mixed with grated ginger and a chopped garlic glove greatly reduces nausea from morning glory seeds.

==Species==

===''Argyreia nervosa''===
''[[Argyreia nervosa (botany)|Argyreia nervosa]]'' is known as Hawaiian Baby Woodrose, or woolly morning glory when used to denote that its a morning glory. The seeds are known as Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds (HBWR).

[[#Argyreia nervosa|Hawaiian Baby Woodrose]] is known as woolly morning glory when used to denote that it is a morning glory. Thus, contrary to popular belief, the term morning glory seeds (MGS) includes Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds (HBWR).

===''Ipomoea'' spp.===
The traditional uses, chemistry and biological activities of the approximately 600-700 species of ''Ipomoea'' spp. that are found throughout regions of the world have been reviewed.<ref name="Ipomoea">{{cite journal|last1=Meira|first1=Marilena|last2=Silva|first2=Eliezer Pereira da|last3=David|first3=Jorge M.|last4=David|first4=Juceni P.|title=Review of the genus Ipomoea: traditional uses, chemistry and biological activities|journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia|volume=22|issue=3|pages=682–713|doi=10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000025|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-695X2012000300031|issn=0102-695X}}</ref>

====Ipomoea tricolor====
''[[Ipomoea tricolor (botany)|Ipomoea tricolor]]'' is known as Mexican morning glory. It should be noted that the seeds are often treated with toxic chemicals.<ref> Potter, James (2008). Substances of Abuse. Redding CA: Jubilee Enterprises. p. 157. ISBN 978-1930327467 https://books.google.com/books?id=WU73eJAIDI4C&q=methylmercury+morning+glory&pg=PA157</ref>

R. Gordon Wasson has argued that the hallucinogenic seeds used by the Aztecs under the Nahuatl name ''tlitliltzin'', were the seeds of ''I. tricolor''. Wasson also noted that the modern-day Zapotecs of Oaxaca know the seeds as ''badoh negro''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carod-Artal|first=FJ|title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures|journal=Neurologia|year=2015|volume=30|issue=1|pages=42–9|pmid=21893367|doi=10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003|url=http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition--495-pdf-S2173580814001527-S300}}</ref>

In cultivation, the species is very commonly grown misnamed as ''Ipomoea violacea'', actually a different though related species. Numerous cultivars of ''I. tricolor'' with different flower colours have been selected for use as ornamental plants; widely grown examples include ''Blue Star'', ''Flying Saucers'', ''Heavenly Blue'', ''Heavenly Blue Improved'', ''Pearly Gates'', ''Rainbow Flash'', ''Skylark'', ''Summer Skies'' and ''Wedding Bells''.

====Ipomoea violacea====
''[[Ipomoea violacea (botany)|Ipomoea violacea]]'' is known as Beach moonflower.

===''Turbina corymbosa''===
''[[Turbina corymbosa (botany)|Turbina corymbosa]]'' (syn ''Rivea corymbosa'', ''Ipomoea corymbosa'') is known as Christmas vine.

Known to natives of north and central Mexico by its Nahuatl name Ololiúqui (also spelled ololiuhqui or ololiuqui)<ref name="Carod">{{cite journal|last=Carod-Artal|first=FJ|title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures|journal=Neurologia|year=2015|volume=30|issue=1|pages=42–9|pmid=21893367|doi=10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003|url=http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition--495-pdf-S2173580814001527-S300}}</ref> and by the south eastern natives as xtabentún (in Yucatec Maya language).

==Literature==
{{cite book|last1=Meira|first1=Marilena|last2=Silva|first2=Eliezer Pereira da|last3=David|first3=Jorge M.|last4=David|first4=Juceni P.|title=Review of the genus Ipomoea: traditional uses, chemistry and biological activities|pages=682–713|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-695X2012000300031}}

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_glory Morning glory (Wikipedia)]
*''Argyreia nervosa''
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyreia_nervosa Argyreia nervosa (Wikipedia)]
**[https://erowid.org/plants/hbw/ Hawaiian Baby Woodrose (Erowid)]
*''Ipomoea'' spp
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea_tricolor Ipomoea tricolor (Wikipedia)]
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea_violacea Ipomoea violacea (Wikipedia)]
**[https://erowid.org/plants/morning_glory/morning_glory.shtml ''I. violacea'' & ''I. tricolor'' (Erowid)]
*''Turbina corymbosa''
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina_corymbosa Turbina corymbosa (Wikipedia)]
**[https://erowid.org/plants/ololiuqui/ololiuqui.shtml Ololiuqui (Erowid)]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Entheogen]]
[[Category:Hallucinogen]]
[[Category:Convolvulaceae (family)|*]]

Morning glory - Revision history

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en>David Hedlund: {{headerpanel|{{Template:Warning/Morning glory}}}}