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{{headerpanel|{{Warning/PCE}}}}
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/PCE}}

'''PCE''' (also known as '''Eticyclidine''' or '''CI-400''') is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] chemical class that produces [[dissociative]], [[pain relief|anesthetic]] and [[hallucinogenic]] effects when [[routes of administration|administered]]. Like its closely related structural analog [[PCP]], PCE primarily exerts its effect as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]], where it noncompetitively binds to and blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor.<ref name="Morris2014">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morris, H.)), ((Wallach, J.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs | volume=6 | issue=7–8 | pages=614–632 | date= August 2014 | issn=1942-7611 | doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((McKim, W. A.)) | date= 2000 | title=Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology | publisher=Prentice Hall | edition=4th ed | isbn=9780130831460}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kapur, S.)), ((Seeman, P.)) | journal=Molecular Psychiatry | title=NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors—implications for models of schizophrenia | volume=7 | issue=8 | pages=837–844 | date= September 2002 | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/4001093 | issn=1476-5578 | doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001093}}</ref>

PCP was marketed in the 1950s as an [[Pain relief|anesthetic]] pharmaceutical drug but was taken off the market in 1965 due to the high prevalence of dissociative [[hallucinogenic]] side effects, which was also discovered of PCE. Soon after, [[ketamine]] was discovered by Parke-Davis researchers as a better-tolerated derivative for use as an anesthetic pharmaceutical drug. Since this time, a number of synthetic derivatives of PCP have been sold as dissociative drugs for recreational and non-medical use.<ref name="Morris2014"/>

Today, PCE is typically taken as a recreational drug or more rarely, for [[entheogenic]] purposes alongside its popular contemporary relatives [[3-MeO-PCP]] and [[3-MeO-PCE]]. PCE may be ingested [[orally]], [[Routes of administration#Smoking|smoked]], [[insufflated]] or [[Routes of administration#Injection|injected]].<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Abuse, N. I. on D.)) | year=2019 | title=Hallucinogens DrugFacts | url=https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens}}</ref> It has been noted for its potency, diversity in effects, long-lived effects, and abuse liability. Notably, PCE is slightly more potent than PCP and has similar effects, but its unpleasant taste and tendency to cause nausea made it less accepted by users, making it relatively obscure.

==Chemistry==
PCE, or Eticyclidine, is a synthetic dissociative of the arylcyclohexylamine class. PCE contains cyclohexane, a six-member saturated ring, bonded to a ring and -ethyl group at R<sub>1</sub>. One of these rings is a piperidine ring, a nitrogenous six member ring, bonded at its nitrogen group. The other constituent at the nitrogen is not a full cyclohexane ring like with PCP, but an ethyl group. As with PCP, PCE is an initialism named from the first letters of the three constituent rings '''p'''henyl, '''c'''yclohexane and '''e'''thyl.

==Pharmacology==
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}}
NMDA receptors (a subtype of receptors for glutamate, which are the principle excitatory neurotransmitters in the nervous system) allow for electrical signals to pass between nerve cells in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to disrupt this signaling by blocking these receptors. This disconnection of information flow in the nervous system leads to loss of sensation (anesthesia), difficulty moving (motor discoordination), and eventually this substance's equivalent of a “[[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|"hole"]]-like state that is most associated with that experienced on ketamine, although of a qualitatively different nature.”{{citation needed}}

In addition to its unique NMDA receptor blocking abilities, PCE also acts as a [[dopamine]]-[[noradrenaline]] [[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]] as well a [[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] with suspected [[Opioid receptors|µ-opioid]] affinity and typical [[Dissociatives#Subjective effects|dissociative]] effects. This provides an explanation for its euphoric and often stimulating properties.

PCE is slightly more potent than PCP and has similar effects, but its unpleasant taste and tendency to cause nausea has made it less accepted by users.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kalir, A.)), ((Edery, H.)), ((Pelah, Z.)), ((Balderman, D.)), ((Porath, G.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=1-Phenylcycloalkylamine derivatives. II. Synthesis and pharmacological activity | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=473–477 | date= May 1969 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00303a030 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm00303a030}}</ref>

==Subjective effects==
{{EffectStub}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base

|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tactile suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical autonomy]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual sliding]]'''

}}
{{effects/disconnective|
*'''[[Effect::Tactile disconnection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual disconnection]]''' - This eventually results in PCE's equivalent of the "k-hole" or more specifically, ''[[Visual disconnection#Holes, spaces and voids|holes, spaces and voids]]'' alongside of ''[[Visual disconnection#Structures|structures]]''. However, unlike ketamine, PCE does not immobilize the user at this level, which can lead to unpredictable psychotic behavior.
*'''[[Effect::Consciousness disconnection]]'''

}}
{{effects/visual|

====Suppression====
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Double vision]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Frame rate suppression]]'''

====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Environmental cubism]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Environmental orbism]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]'''

====[[Effect::Geometry]]====

====Hallucinatory states====
At high doses, PCE can produce a full range of high-level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used [[psychedelic]]s. These effects include:

*'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]'''

}}
|{{effects/cognitive|

The general head space of PCE is often described as particularly stimulating, euphoric and clear-headed in comparison to that of [[DXM]] and [[ketamine]]. The specific cognitive effects can be broken down into several separate subcomponents which are listed and described below:

*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]''' & '''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]
*'''[[Effect::Introspection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Déjà vu]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Feelings of impending doom]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Creativity enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - This effect is more common on PCE than other dissociatives.<ref name="Tasman2015">{{cite book | vauthors=((Tasman, A.)), ((Kay, J.)), ((Lieberman, J. A.)), ((First, M. B.)), ((Riba, M.)) | date=5 February 2015 | title=Psychiatry | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | isbn=9781118753361}}</ref>

}}
{{effects/auditory|
*'''[[Effect::Auditory suppression|Suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion|Distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations|Hallucinations]]'''
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:

*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_PCE.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: PCE]

==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}}
The long-term use of PCE may lead to schizophrenia-like psychotic episodes, severe lasting memory loss, disorganized thinking, depression, weight loss, liver abnormalities and rhabdomyolysis (skeletal muscle breakdown).<ref name="erowid">PCE Effects by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/PCE/PCE_effects.shtml</ref>

Some studies have found that, like other [[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s, PCE can cause brain damage called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney%27s_lesions Olney's lesions] in rats.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Olney, J. W.)), ((Labruyere, J.)), ((Price, M. T.)) | journal=Science (New York, N.Y.) | title=Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs | volume=244 | issue=4910 | pages=1360–1362 | date=16 June 1989 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.2660263}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hargreaves, R. J.)), ((Hill, R. G.)), ((Iversen, L. L.)) | journal=Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplementum | title=Neuroprotective NMDA antagonists: the controversy over their potential for adverse effects on cortical neuronal morphology | volume=60 | pages=15–19 | date= 1994 | doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-9334-1_4}}</ref> Studies conducted on rats showed that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine caused reversible vacuoles to form in certain regions of the rats' brains. All studies of Olney's lesions have only been performed on non-human animals and may not apply to humans.

PCE has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate levels in the rat brain, which are detectable both in living rats and upon necropsy examination of brain tissue.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Reynolds, L. M.)), ((Cochran, S. M.)), ((Morris, B. J.)), ((Pratt, J. A.)), ((Reynolds, G. P.)) | journal=Schizophrenia Research | title=Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain | volume=73 | issue=2–3 | pages=147–152 | date=1 March 2005 | issn=0920-9964 | doi=10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.003}}</ref> It also induces symptoms in humans that mimic schizophrenia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Murray, J. B.)) | journal=The Journal of Psychology | title=Phencyclidine (PCP): a dangerous drug, but useful in schizophrenia research | volume=136 | issue=3 | pages=319–327 | date= May 2002 | issn=0022-3980 | doi=10.1080/00223980209604159}}</ref>

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]], such as [[volumetric dosing]], when using this substance to ensure the administration of the intended dose.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===
The chronic use of PCE can be considered [[Addiction potential::highly addictive with a high potential for adverse side effects such as psychosis]]. In comparison to other [[dissociative]]s, PCE has been reported to be more addictive than [[MXE]], [[diphenidine]], [[ephenidine]], and [[ketamine]]. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. There have been multiple reports across the internet of people becoming seriously addicted daily users of this substance so serious precautions and considerations should be taken before trying this substance.

Tolerance to many of the effects of PCE develops [[Time to full tolerance::with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). PCE presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dissociative]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of PCE, all [[dissociative]]s will have a reduced effect.

===Psychosis===
PCE is reported to cause [[psychosis]] and mania at a significantly higher rate than other [[dissociative]]s such as [[ketamine]], [[diphenidine]], or [[MXE]]. Multiple scientific papers describe states of psychosis, mania, and/or delirium occurring after moderate to large doses of the drug were ingested. In one initial human trial, it was reported that one-sixth of the patients who had received anesthetic doses became psychotic. In some cases, it took up to a week or more to resolve. Similar results (although less severe) were reported during trials using subanesthetic doses of PCE for pain relief.<ref name="Tasman2015"/>

It is strongly recommended that one use extreme caution and [[responsible drug use|harm reduction]] practices when using this drug.

*Users should avoid taking the drug multiple days in a row or becoming addicted to it as this increases the risk of severe adverse effects.
*The recommended dosage range should not be exceeded as high doses can trigger adverse effects.
*Users should start with extremely low doses and work their way up as slowly as possible. [[Volumetric liquid dosing|Volumetric liquid dosing]] should preferably be used due to the drug's potency; most standard milligram scales cannot accurately weigh out doses below 10-15mg.
*[[Compulsive redosing]] before one has fully sobered up is not recommended and can result in too high of a dose.

Due to the risk of psychosis, it is not recommended to combine this drug with other substances, especially [[stimulant]]s, [[psychedelic]]s, or other [[dissociative]]s like [[MXE]]. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

===Urinary tract effects===
In terms of its long-term health effects when used repeatedly and excessively for extended periods of time, PCE seems to exhibit similar extreme bladder and urinary tract problems to those found with other [[arylcyclohexylamines]] like [[ketamine]] or [[PCP]].

*'''Urinary frequency''' - Urinary frequency is the need to empty the bladder every few minutes.
*'''Urinary urgency''' - This can be described as a sudden, compelling need to urinate.
*'''Urinary pressure''' - This is experienced as a constant sensation of fullness in the bladder that is unrelieved by urination.
*'''Pelvic and bladder pain''' - Pain can develop suddenly and severely, particularly as the bladder fills with urine.
*'''Hematuria''' - Hematuria is visible blood in the urine.
*'''Incontinence''' - This is the leakage of urine.

A large body of anecdotal evidence suggests that these symptoms can be minimized by not using PCE on a regular basis (daily or weekly at the bare minimum) and carefully monitoring and limiting one's usage of the substance, although general usage of this substance is still discouraged due to its observed toxic properties.

===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}

*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - This combination is not advised because PCE has been reported to cause extreme psychological disturbances such as [[psychosis]] and mania at a significantly higher rate than other [[dissociatives]].
{{DangerousInteractions/Dissos}}

==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
Internationally, PCE is a Schedule I substance under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070302130637/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf|url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf|archive-date=March 2, 2007|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control (Green List)|edition=23rd|date=August 2003|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)}}</ref>

*'''Canada''' - PCE is controlled under CDSA schedule III making it illegal to sell, possess and manufacture without a license or prescription.{{citation needed}}
*'''Germany:''' PCE is controlled under BtMG Anlage I, making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer it without a license.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage I BtMG - Einzelnorm | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html}}</ref>
*'''New Zealand''' - PCE is Schedule I (class A) in New Zealand.{{citation needed}}
*'''Poland''' - PCE is Schedule II (II-P group) in Poland.{{citation needed}}
*'''Portugal''' - Effective July 2001, personal use of PCE was decriminalized by Law 30/2000. Possession of less than 100 mg is not regarded as a criminal offence, although the substance is liable to be seized and the possessor can be referred to mandatory treatment. Sale or possession of quantities greater than the personal possession limit are criminal offences punishable by jail time.{{citation needed}}
*'''Switzerland:''' PCE is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''' - PCE is a class A in the U.K., making it illegal to buy or possess without a prescription.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States '''- PCE is a Schedule II controlled substance.{{citation needed}}

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]
**[[Volumetric liquid dosing]]
*[[Research chemical]]
*[[Dissociative]]
*[[PCP]]
*[[MXE]]
*[[3-MeO-PCE]]

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eticyclidine PCE (Wikipedia)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=11018 PCE (Isomer Design)]

==Literature==

*Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). '''''From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs'''''. ''Drug Testing and Analysis'', 6(7–8), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Arylcyclohexylamine]]
[[Category:Dissociative]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]

{{#set:Featured=true}}

PCE - Revision history

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