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{{headerpanel|{{Talk:Warning/Amantadine}}{{Approval}}}}
{{template:SubstanceBox/Amantadine}}
{{SummarySheet}}

'''Amantadine''' is a [[hallucinogen]] and weak [[Psychoactive class::stimulant]] of the [[Chemical class::adamantane]] class that produces long-lived [[Psychoactive class::dissociative]] and [[Psychoactive class::deliriant]] effects when [[administered]]. It is a derivative of amantadine and is pharmacologically related to compounds like [[memantine]], [[wikipedia:Rimantadine|rimantadine]] and [[wikipedia:Adapromine|adapromine]].

Amantadine was first synthesized in the 1960s as a antiviral drug for the treatment of influenza. It was serendipitously discovered in 1969 that amantadine possesses central [[dopaminergic]] [[stimulant]]-like properties and it was introduced for the treatment of Parkinson's disease due to its ability to increase [[dopamine]] levels in the brain.<ref>Neurological Disorders: Course and Treatment | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q9h5Xg3pwAYC&pg=PA1047&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>

Deaths have been reported from overdose with amantadine.<ref>Fatal overdose with amantadine. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3791133</ref> Its use can lead to cardiac, respiratory, renal or central nervous system toxicity.<ref>DRUGBANK Amantadine | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00915</ref>

It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
Amantadine is a substituted [[adamantane]] derivative, organic compound ''adamantan-1-amine'', meaning it consists of an adamantane backbone that has an amino group substituted at one of the four methyne positions.

==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}}
Amantadine is a weak antagonist NMDA receptors (Ki = 10 µM)<ref>Therapeutic brain concentration of the NMDA receptor antagonist amantadine. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8532138</ref>, increases [[dopamine]] release, and blocks dopamine reuptake.<ref name="Adamantane Pharmacology">Adamantane derivatives: Pharmacological and toxicological properties (review) | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02524549</ref> As well amantadine inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).<ref>Amantadine inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function in hippocampal neurons. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9152392</ref>

It was discovered that amantadine binds to and acts as agonist of the σ1 receptor (Ki = 7.44 µM), and that activation of the σ1 receptor is involved in the dopaminergic effects.<ref>Involvement of the sigma 1 receptor in the modulation of dopaminergic transmission by amantadine. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15090047</ref>

The mechanisms for amantadine's antiviral and psychotropic effects are unrelated. The mechanism of amantadine's antiviral activity involves interference with the viral protein, M2, a proton channel.<ref>Ion channel activity of influenza A virus M2 protein: characterization of the amantadine block. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7688826</ref>

==Subjective effects==
{{EffectStub}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}

In addition to dissociative effects, amantadine also manifests [[deliriant|anticholinergic]] effects and higher dosages can result in [[delirium]].
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dry mouth]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Headache]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Hyperthermia]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical autonomy]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Seizure]]''' - Seizures may be exacerbated in people with a history of a seizure disorder.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - Amantadine stimulates stronger than [[memantine]].
*'''[[Effect::Tactile suppression]]'''

}}
{{effects/visual|
*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Double vision]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Flowing]]''' - Flowing can be described as a style of visual drifting which seems to occur almost exclusively on textures (particularly if they are highly detailed, complex, or rough in appearance). It results in the textures appearing to flow like a river in a seamless, looped animation. It is particularly common on wood grain or the fur of animals.
*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition suppression]]'''

}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delirium]]''' - Delirium may be experienced with extremely high doses exceeding 1000 mg.
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]''' - Delusions are more commonly reported on amantadine than any other [[dissociatives]].
*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Introspection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''

}}
{{effects/auditory|
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucination]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory suppression]]'''

}}
}}
===Experience reports===
There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:Amantadine]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].
{{#ask: [[Category:Amantadine]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
[https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Talk:Experience:_Amantadine_(Oral_administration)_-_A_terrible_experience Experience: Amantadine(Oral administration)- A terrible experience]

==Toxicity and harm potential==
Amantadine can hase serious side effects at higher dosages. High levels of amantadine consumption are associated with an increased risk of renal failure<ref>Obstructive acute renal failure related to amantadine intoxication. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19328395</ref>, peripheral edemas, increased heart insufficiency, and leukopenia and neutropenia.<ref name="Adamantane Pharmacology"/> Amantadine accumulates in patients with renal dysfunction.<ref>Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Amantadine Hydrochloride | https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00003088-198814010-00003</ref> In addition deaths have been reported from overdose with amantadine. Reports of amantadine fatalities indicate that doses of more that 2g are potentially lethal.<ref>Amantadine-induced coma | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000399939390072I</ref>

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Amantadine can [[Addiction potential::produce dependence with chronic use]], though amantadine withdrawal syndrome is a rare event. Abrupt cessation and changes in amantadine dosage can produce a severe withdrawal syndrome which can produce delirium and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.<ref>The Role of Amantadine Withdrawal in 3 Cases of Treatment-Refractory Altered Mental Status. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492457</ref><ref>Acute delirium after withdrawal of amantadine in Parkinson's disease. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596005</ref><ref>A Case Report of Severe Delirium after Amantadine Withdrawal. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28611642</ref>

Amantadine presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dissociative|dissociatives]]]], meaning that after the consumption of amantadine all [[dissociative]]s will have a reduced effect.

===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}

Amantadine has very limited information on drug combinations and should therefore be treated with extreme caution when combined with other drugs.
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Stimulants]]''' - Both stimulants and dissociatives carry the risk of adverse psychological reactions like [[anxiety]], [[mania]], [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]] and these risks are exacerbated when the two substances are combined.
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Depressants]]''' - Because both depress the respiratory system, this combination can result in an increased risk of suddenly falling unconscious, vomiting and choking to death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Deliriants]]''' - Combining amantadine with antimuscarinics such as [[datura]], [[diphenhydramine]], and [[nutmeg]] can severely increase BPM and BP, and as such, cardiac arrest, hypertensive crisis, as well as [[delirium]].

==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
*'''Russia:''' Amantadine is available through a prescription.
*'''China:''' Amantadine is available through a prescription.
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Hallucinogen]]
*[[Dissociative]]
*[[Memantine]]

==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine Amantadine (Wikipedia)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=12179 Amantadine (PiHKAL / Isomer Design)]
*[https://bluelight.org/xf/threads/the-amantadine-trip-report.275100/ The Amantadine trip report (Bluelight)]
*[https://bluelight.org/xf/threads/the-big-dandy-amantadine-and-memantine-thread.60791/ The Big & Dandy Amantadine and Memantine thread (Bluelight)]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Adamantane]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
[[Category:Hallucinogen]]
[[Category:Dissociative]]
[[Category:Deliriant]]
[[Category:Articles in talk page]]

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