LSD: Difference between revisions

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Summary sheet: LSD

Template:SubstanceBox/LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide (also known as Lysergide, LSD-25, LSD, L, Lucy, and Acid) is a classical psychoactive class::psychedelic substance of the chemical class::lysergamide class.^[1] It is perhaps the most researched and culturally influential psychedelic substance, as well as the prototypal lysergamide. The mechanism of action is not fully known, although serotonin binding activity is thought to be sucking cock.

File:Larnaca eats shit.gif

SNORT COCAINE!

The psychoactive effects of LSD were first discovered in 1943 by Albert Hofmann at Sandoz Laboratories (Switzerland).^[2] In the 1950s, it was widely distributed by Sandoz as an experimental drug for psychotherapy and scientific research;^[3] during this era, it provoked considerable interest from the intellectual establishment and was even the subject of a clandestine investigation by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for potential applications in "mind control".^[4]

Recreational LSD use became a central, highly-visible aspect of the 1960s youth counterculture movement, eventually paving the way for international prohibition in 1971.^[5]^[6] Today, illicit recreational use remains widespread and it is associated in popular culture with the counterculture and rave scenes. The lifetime prevalence of LSD use among American adults is 6-8%.^[7]

Following decades of institutional suppression, scientific research involving LSD has recently undergone a massive revival.^[3] As a part of the so-called "psychedelic renaissance",^[8] it is currently being investigated in the treatment of a number of conditions including alcoholism,^[9] substance addiction,^[10] cluster headache,^[11] autism,^[12] and anxiety associated with terminal illness.^[13]

Subjective effects include visual geometry / hallucinatory states, time distortion, enhanced introspection, conceptual thinking, increased music appreciation, euphoria, and ego loss. LSD use is reportedly associated with mystical-type experiences that are sometimes claimed to facilitate self-reflection and personal growth.^[14] It has been called the first modern entheogen, a group which is otherwise limited to traditional plant preparations or extracts.^[15]

Unlike most highly prohibited substances, LSD has not been proven to be physiologically toxic or addictive.^[1]^[16] However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe anxiety, paranoia, delusions, and psychosis are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders (see this section).^[17]

It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.

History and culture

The original synthesis of LSD was recorded on November 16, 1938, by the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann while employed at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland.^[18] The compound was synthesized as part of a large research program searching for medically useful derivatives of ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains.

However, it was not discovered to be psychoactive until five years later, when Hofmann claimed to have accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical before proceeding to ride his bike home.^[18]

The first intentional ingestion was recorded on April 19, 1943.^[19] Hofmann ingested 250 micrograms (µg) of LSD, believing it would be a threshold dose based on the doses of other ergot alkaloids. He found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated and was impressed by its profound mind-altering effects. April 19th is now celebrated annually as "Bicycle Day".

In 1947, Sandoz introduced LSD to the medical community under the name Delysid, marketing it as an experimental tool to induce temporary psychotic-like states in normals (“model-psychosis”) and later to enhance psychotherapeutic treatments (“psycholytic” or “psychedelic” therapy).^[19] The substance had a major impact upon its release — within 15 years, research on LSD and other hallucinogens generated over 1,000 scientific papers and was prescribed to over 40,000 patients.^[20]

In the 1950s, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) created a research program code-named MK-ULTRA that would conduct clandestine research investigating LSD for applications in 'mind control' and chemical warfare. Experiments included administering the substance to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public without their knowledge or consent, which resulted in at least one death.^[4]

In 1963, the Sandoz patents for LSD expired. Several prominent intellectuals, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, Al Hubbard, and Alan Watts began to advocate for the mass consumption of LSD; according to L. R. Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth.^[21] LSD became a central, highly-visible feature of the youth-driven counterculture of the 1960s, provoking widespread controversy and backlash in American civil society.

On October 24, 1968, LSD possession was made illegal in the United States.^[22] The last FDA approved study in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993.^[23]

Names

The name LSD comes from its early research code name LSD-25, an abbreviation for the German spelling "Lysergsäure-diethylamid" followed by a sequential number.^[19]

LSD has numerous street names including: acid, lucy, L, cid or sid. Also called blotter or tabs, a reference to their standard form of distribution.

Chemistry

LSD, or d-lysergic acid diethylamide, belongs to a class of synthetic organic compounds called lysergamides (a subclass of ergolines).

It is the "parent compound" of the lysergamide family, meaning it serves as the prototype for a series of compounds that are derived from its structure and have broadly similar effects. These include: 1B-LSD, 1P-LSD, 1V-LSD, ALD-52, AL-LAD, ETH-LAD, PRO-LAD, LSM-775, LSZ, and MiPLA.

The chemical structure consists of a bicyclic hexahydroindole ring fused to a bicyclic quinoline group (lysergic acid). At carbon 8 of the quinoline an N,N-diethyl carboxamide is bound. It is additionally substituted at carbon 6 with a methyl group.

It is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at R₅ and R₈. The active form of LSD is called (+)-D-LSD, which has an absolute configuration of (5R, 8R). The other three stereoisomers do not have psychoactive properties.^[24]

The pure form occurs as colorless, odorless, prismatic crystals.^[25] It is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine (especially in solution).^[24] Its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at cold temperatures around 0°C or below, but slowly degrades at normal room temperature (25°C).^[26]

Pharmacology

File:Lsd brain scan.jpg

This image shows how, with eyes-closed, much more of the brain contributes to the visual experience under LSD (right image) than under placebo (left image).

The magnitude of this effect correlates with participants’ reports of complex, dreamlike visions.^[27]

According to various studies, LSD acts as a partial agonist at most serotonin receptor subtypes, including the 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C and 5-HT₆ receptors, with high affinities.^[28] The 5-HT₃ and 5-HT₄ receptors are excluded. 5-HT_5B receptors, which have not been found in humans, also have a high affinity for LSD.^[29]

The mechanism of LSD's psychedelic effects is thought to be agonist (binding) activity at the 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, and 5-HT_1A receptor subtypes, with high affinities.^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33] Further information about how altered serotonin signaling may lead to LSD's signature cascade of visual and cognitive effects is available here. It should be noted that the mechanism is not fully understood.

Recent research has also found that LSD activates different intracellular signaling cascades than endogenous serotonin even when bound to the same receptor sites.^[34] Because intracellular signaling cascades influence gene expression, LSD-induced signaling events within cells may inappropriately alter gene expression, which in turn may lead to changes in neuronal state and subsequently cognition.^[35]

These findings help explain why the behavioral effects can resemble paranoid schizophrenia in humans.

The study concludes that acute LSD usage increases expression of a small set of genes in the mammalian brain that are involved in a wide array of cellular functions implicated in synaptic plasticity, glutamatergic signaling, cytoskeletal architecture and perhaps communication between the synapse and nucleus.^[35]

Additionally, studies have shown that LSD possesses binding efficacy at all dopamine and all norepinephrine receptors. Most serotonergic psychedelics are not significantly dopaminergic, so LSD is unique in this respect. In particular, LSD's agonist activity at the D₂ receptor has been shown to contribute to its subjective effects.^[36]^[37]

"Flashbacks"

The etiology of the "flashback" phenomenon appears to be varied. Some researchers such as Krebs and Johansen (2015^[38]) attribute at least some of the cases to be related to Somatic Symptom Disorder, when people fixate on normal somatic experiences and perceptions that they weren't aware of before consuming the drug. Other researchers relate it to an associative reaction to a contextual cue akin to what people that have faced trauma or strongly emotional experiences face when receiving a triggering stimulus (Holland and Passie 2011^[39]). There is no consensus on what are the risk factors but some researchers theorize that pre-existing psychopathologies may be a significant contributor (Abraham and Duffy 1996^[40])

The prevalence of HPPD is difficult to estimate but appears to be very rare (Halpern et al 2016^[41]), with estimates ranging from 1 in 20 users for the transitory and less serious type 1 HPPD, to 1 in 50.000 users for the more concerning type 2 HPPD.^[42]

Contrary to rumors circulating the internet that LSD is stored in the spinal chord or other parts of your body long-term,^[43] the pharmacological evidence (Passie et all 2008^[44]) shows LSD has a short half-life of 175 minutes, undergoing enzymatic metabolism into more polar and therefore water-soluble compounds such as 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD that are eliminated through the urine. No evidence of long term storage of LSD in the body exists.

Subjective effects

Compared to some other psychedelics such as psilocybin mushrooms, LSA, and ayahuasca, LSD is reported to be more stimulating and fast-paced in its physical and cognitive effects. The wide variety of effects observed may be attributed to its so-called "promiscuous" binding activity at a range of CNS receptors other than serotonin, such as dopamine and norepinephrine receptors.

In terms of subjective effects, LSD may be described as possessing the visual and mental content of psilocybin or DMT along with the "dopaminergic edge" of a classical stimulant such as amphetamine or methylphenidate. Consequently, LSD euphoria can be described as "medium forced", which is higher than tryptamines but not as high as some phenethylamine-based stimulants or entactogens.

Additionally, it is associated with slightly more cognitive side effects such as anxiety and paranoia compared to psilocybin or mescaline. Some users report they have a harsher comedown that can resemble that of a stimulant, perhaps owing to its long duration (10 hr+) and sensitivity to its dopaminergic properties.

Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.

It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.

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Combination effects

Alcohol - Alcohol's depressant effects can be used to reduce some of the anxiety and muscle tension produced by LSD. However, alcohol can also cause dehydration, nausea, and physical fatigue, which can negatively impact the user's mindset (set). Users are advised to pace themselves and drink only a portion of their usual amount if drinking on LSD.
Benzodiazepines - Benzodiazepines are highly effective at reducing the intensity of LSD's cognitive and visual effects via inhibition of brain electrical activity.
Dissociatives - LSD enhances the cognitive, visual and general hallucinatory effects of dissociatives. Dissociative-induced holes, spaces, and voids and internal hallucinations become more vivid and intense on LSD. These effects correspond with an increased risk of confusion, delusions, and psychosis.
MDMA - LSD synergistically enhances the physical, cognitive, and visual effects of MDMA. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable and so it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for either individually. There is some evidence that suggests LSD can increase the neurotoxicity of MDMA.^[45]^[46]^[47]
Antidepressants and antipsychotics may block the effect of LSD by acting on the same receptors and outcompeting its ability to bind. Antidepressants mirtazapine and trazodone act on the 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors where they block serotonin and other molecules from binding.^[48] Atypical antipsychotics also act on these receptors in order to decrease hallucinations and cognitive distortion.

Experience reports

There are currently {{#ask: | format=count}} experience reports describing the effects of this substance in our experience index. You can also submit your own experience report using the same link. {{#ask: |format=ul|Columns=1}} Additional experience reports can be found here:

- |Lotus I Lily }}|Mushrooms - |Mushrooms }}|Pharms - |Pharms }}|Products - |Products }}|Smarts - |Smarts }}| |_}}|-|}}.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: LSD Reports

Forms

LSD is typically distributed in various forms for oral or sublingual administration, with blotter paper being the most common:

Blotters are typically small squares pulled off sheets of perforated blotting paper that have been dipped into an LSD & alcohol solution. These squares may be swallowed, chewed, or held sublingually. Note: chewing blotters should not result in a bitter metallic taste as this can indicate the presence of a 25x-NBOMe or DOx compound (see here for more information).
Liquid solutions are often found in vials with a pipette. This form is often dropped directly into the mouth or tongue. It may also be dropped onto individual sugar cubes or candy before consumption.^[49]
Tablets & microdots are very small tablets which can be chewed or swallowed.
Powder can, in theory, be administered orally, sublingually, or via insufflation or injection. However, LSD is rarely encountered or taken in this way in practice due to its incredible potency. It is almost always diluted into a liquid solution or 'laid' onto blotter paper to allow for more accurate and consistent dosing.
Gel tabs can be taken orally and are small pieces of gelatin which contain LSD. These are less common now than in the past, but are still occasionally present in some areas of the world.

Blotters

Blotters
Liquid solution

Liquid solution
Microdots

Microdots
Gel tabs

Gel tabs

Research

Alcoholism

Some studies in the 1960s that investigated LSD as a treatment for alcoholism found reduced levels of alcohol misuse in almost 60% of those treated, an effect which lasted six months but disappeared after a year.^[50]^[51]^[50]^[52]^[53]

A 2012 meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found evidence that a single dose of LSD in conjunction with various alcoholism treatment programs was associated with a decrease in alcohol abuse, lasting for several months.^[50]

LSD is also sometimes self-administered in a non-medical environment for overcoming addiction.

Trauma-related pain

LSD was studied in the 1960s by Eric Kast as an analgesic for acute and chronic pain caused by cancer or other major trauma.^[54] Even at low (i.e. sub-psychedelic) dosages, it was found to be at least as effective as traditional opiates, while being much longer lasting in pain reduction (lasting as long as a week after peak effects had subsided).

Kast attributed this effect to a decrease in anxiety; that is to say that patients were not experiencing less pain, but rather were less distressed by the pain they experienced. This purported effect is being tested using a similar psychedelic substance, in an ongoing (as of 2006) study of the effects of psilocin on anxiety in terminal cancer patients.^{[citation needed]}

Cluster headaches

LSD has been used as a treatment for cluster headaches, an uncommon but extremely painful disorder.

Although the phenomenon has not been fully investigated, case reports suggest that LSD and psilocin can reduce cluster pain and also interrupt the cluster-headache cycle, preventing future headaches from occurring. Currently existing treatments include various tryptamines among other chemicals, so LSD's efficacy in this regard may not be surprising.

A dose-response study testing the effectiveness of both LSD and psilocin was planned at McLean Hospital, although the current status of this project is unclear. A 2006 study by McLean researchers interviewed 53 cluster headache sufferers who treated themselves with either LSD or psilocin, finding that a majority of users of either drug reported beneficial effects.^[55]

Unlike the use of LSD or MDMA in psychotherapy, this research involves non-psychological effects and often sub-psychedelic dosages.^[56]^[55]

End-of-life anxiety

From 2008 to 2011 there was ongoing research in Switzerland into using LSD to alleviate anxiety for terminally ill cancer patients coping with their impending deaths. Preliminary results of the study are promising, and no negative effects have been reported.^[57]^[58]

Neuroplasticity

A 2018 study demonstrated neuroplasticity induced by LSD and other psychedelics through TrkB, mTOR, and 5-HT_2A signaling.^[59]

Reagent results

Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test.

Marquis	Mecke	Mandelin	Liebermann	Froehde	Robadope	Ehrlich	Hofmann	Simon's
No reaction	No reaction	No reaction	No reaction	No reaction	No reaction	Pink - Purple - Blueish (slow)	Blue	No reaction

Toxicity and harm potential

File:Harmchart.png

Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of LSD^[61]

Numerous studies have found that LSD is physiologically well-tolerated and has an Toxicity::extremely low toxicity relative to dose. There is no evidence for long-lasting effects on the brain or other organs and there are no documented deaths attributed to the direct effects of LSD toxicity.^[62]

However, it is worth noting that while LSD as a chemical may not be capable of causing direct bodily toxicity or death, its improper use can still present serious hazards.

For example, it has the potential to strongly impair the user's judgment and attention span, which may promote erratic or dangerous behaviors. In extreme cases, the user may experience powerful delusions e.g. that they are currently inside of a dream and therefore physically invincible, or that they are being persecuted by malevolent entities. This may prompt them to jump off of a building or a cliff, or run into oncoming traffic.^[1]

Additionally, extreme negative reactions and psychotic episodes (i.e. "bad trips") can cause lasting psychological trauma if not properly managed or treated afterward. Extreme negative reactions are uncommon, but are more likely to happen in non-supervised settings and/or with higher doses (i.e. exceeding the "common" range).

Finally, it should be noted that evidence of LSD's effectiveness as a mental health treatment only applies to the controlled procedures used in clinical settings. LSD alone is not considered the treatment because the current evidence suggests it must be combined with professional psychotherapy to produce lasting therapeutic effects.

Without the appropriate safeguards, attempts at self-medicating with LSD may actually worsen mental health issues.^[63]

It is strongly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. These include:

Taking the substance under the supervision of a tripsitter for one's first time or while experimenting with a higher dose
Starting off with a dose in the low-common range and monitoring for unusual reactions (e.g. mania, delusions) or sensitivity
Not exceeding the listed heavy dose. If heavy doses are required, a tolerance break is advised instead. Heavy doses greatly increase the risk of negative effects
Using a reagent testing kit to verify the substance is genuine LSD and not a dangerous counterfeit
Keeping a supply of benzodiazepines or antipsychotics (e.g. Seroquel) to abort the trip in the case of overwhelming anxiety or psychosis

Psychosis and mental disorder risk

LSD can exacerbate symptoms (e.g. delusions, mania, psychosis) of various mental disorders. Specifically, it can precipitate the early onset of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals.^[62]

Those with a personal or family history of mental disorders, particularly psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, should not use LSD without consulting a qualified medical professional.

Dependence and abuse potential

Like other serotonergic psychedelics, LSD is considered to be Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low abuse potential.^[62] Notably, there are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer a serotonergic psychedelic, which is predictive of abuse liability, indicating that it does not have the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence.^[62] Additionally, there is no human clinical evidence that LSD can cause addiction.

There is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when chronic use is stopped.^[64] In one study, morphine addicts administered LSD regularly for weeks did not recognize when the drug was exchanged for a placebo and experienced no withdrawal symptoms.^[65]

Tolerance

LSD exhibits significant tachyphylaxis; i.e., tolerance to its effects forms Time to full tolerance:: almost immediately after ingestion; i.e., in as little as three hours.^[66] Human studies from the 1950s and 60s, when LSD was still legal in the United States, found that tolerance to LSD's effects "requires 3-4 days of daily administration to reach near-maximum levels and Time to zero tolerance:: 5 days of abstinence to completely reverse."^[67]

Some anecdotal reports suggest that extremely high doses of LSD can produce a tolerance that can last subsequently longer, anywhere from weeks to months, and that high doses of LSD, along with high tolerances, can produce unusual variations in LSD's intensity, duration, and effects.

LSD also exhibits cross-tolerance with [[cross-tolerance:: all psychedelics]], meaning that after the use of LSD, all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.

Overdose

Unlike other highly prohibited psychoactive substances, LSD has no known toxic dose; it is effectively impossible to physically overdose on. However, higher doses increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, delusions, psychosis, and, in rare cases, seizures.

Medical attention is usually not needed except in the case of severe psychotic episodes or the suspected ingestion of so-called "fake acid", substances that mimics LSD's effects but carry the risk of physical toxicity and overdose (e.g. 25x-NBOMe or DOx).

Benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax)) can help to relieve the acute negative psychological effects of LSD. Antipsychotics such as quetiapine (Seroquel) may also be used, although they have more after-effects and potential interactions. Alcohol can also be used as a last resort, but is generally considered to be less effective than other tripkillers, and is sometimes associated with negative interactions.

Mimics ("Fake acid")

The high chemical potency allows LSD to be infused ("laid") onto blotter paper for street distribution. It is sometimes counterfeited by certain other psychedelics that also happen to be potent enough to be laid onto blotter paper (while also being cheaper). Colloquially known as "fake acid" or "bunk acid", the most common adulterant historically is the DOx series, although in recent years the 25x-NBOMe series has become highly prevalent.

Unlike unadulterated LSD blotters, which are usually only mildly bitter or slightly metallic as a byproduct of the blotter paper's ink, mimics are described as having a "metallic", "numbing", "chemical-like", or "extremely bitter or sour" taste. It is advised to immediately spit out any blotters that have a strong bitter taste that exceeds a reasonable level.

However, it is important to note that taste testing is not sufficient to fully protect against mimics. Instead, one should always attempt to test their LSD using a reagent test kit. Testing kits are considered vital because the common mimics have significantly worse safety profiles than LSD, including the risk of physical overdose and death.^{[citation needed]}

Hallucinogen-perception persisting disorder (HPPD)

In rare cases, LSD may trigger hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) in some individuals.^[68] The cause is unclear; however, explanations in terms of LSD physically remaining in the body for months or years after consumption have been discounted by experimental evidence.

Some say HPPD is a manifestation of post-traumatic stress disorder, not related to the direct action of LSD on brain chemistry, and varies according to the susceptibility of the individual to the disorder.^[69]

Interactions

Dangerous interactions

Warning: Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).

Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.

DangerousInteraction::Lithium:^[70]^[71] Lithium is commonly prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder; however, there is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics can significantly increase the risk of psychosis and seizures.^[72]^[73]^[74] As a result, this combination should be strictly avoided.
UnsafeInteraction::Tricyclic antidepressants:^[70] Tricyclic antidepressants increase physical, hallucinatory and psychological responses to LSD.^[75] Anecdotal evidence suggests that TCAs increase the risk of bad trips and psychosis when combined with LSD. Since the symptoms are similar to those induced by lithium and LSD, seizures cannot be excluded. Therefore, this combination should be avoided.
[[Tramadol]]:^[76] Tramadol is well documented to lower the seizure threshold in individuals^[77] and LSD also has the potential to induce seizures in susceptible individuals.^[78]
UnsafeInteraction::Ritonavir:^[70] Severe vascular constriction has happened when taking ergolines in combination with ritonavir. Because it is not known if this extends to LSD, utmost caution is advised.
[[UnsafeInteraction::Deliriants]] (e.g. diphenhydramine, scopolamine): Deliriants should generally not be combined with other substances, but may have additional risks when taken with psychedelics. May increase the risk of anxiety, delusions, mania, psychosis, and serotonin syndrome.
[[Cannabis]]:^[76] Cannabis has a strong, volatile synergy with LSD. While often used to intensify or prolong LSD's effects, the combination increases the risk of adverse psychological effects like anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and psychosis. Anecdotal reports often describe cannabis use as the triggering event for a bad trip or psychosis.Template:Notetag Caution is advised.
[[Stimulants]] (e.g. amphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate):^[76] While able to intensify LSD's euphoric effects, stimulants also elevate anxiety levels and increase the risk of paranoia, thought loops, and psychosis, particularly during the comedown phase. This risk may be higher than with other psychedelics due to LSD's direct effect on dopamine pathways. This combination is generally discouraged.

Other interactions

SSRIs (e.g. fluoxetine, sertraline): Due do the downregulation of 5-HT_2A receptors caused by SSRIs, psychedelics can have a reduced effect. Weaker effects could lead to the user compensating by increasing their dose or re-dosing, potentially having stronger effects than they intended. SSRIs can also reduce the chance of having a bad trip due to its anxiolytic effects.

Notable individuals

Some notable individuals have commented publicly on their experiences with LSD.^[79]^[80] Some of these comments date from the era when it was legally available in the US and Europe for non-medical uses, and others pertain to psychiatric treatment in the 1950s and 1960s. Still others describe experiences with illegal LSD, obtained for philosophic, artistic, therapeutic, spiritual, or recreational purposes.

Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, became a user of psychedelics after moving to Hollywood. He was at the forefront of the counterculture's use of psychedelics, which led to his 1954 work The Doors of Perception. Dying from cancer, he asked his wife on 22 November 1963 to inject him with 100 µg of LSD. ^[81]
Ernst Jünger, German writer and philosopher, throughout his life had experimented with substances such as ether, cocaine, and hashish; and later in life he used mescaline and LSD. These experiments were recorded comprehensively in Annäherungen (1970, Approaches). The novel Visit to Godenholm|Besuch auf Godenholm (1952, Visit to Godenholm) is clearly influenced by his early experiments with mescaline and LSD. He met with LSD inventor Albert Hofmann and they took LSD together several times.^[82] He is the inventor of the term "psychonaut".

Jerry Garcia stated in a July 3, 1989 interview, in response to the question "Have your feelings about LSD changed over the years?," "They haven't changed much. My feelings about LSD are mixed. It's something that I both fear and that I love at the same time. I never take any psychedelic, have a psychedelic experience, without having that feeling of, "I don't know what's going to happen." In that sense, it's still fundamentally an enigma and a mystery."^[83]

Kary Mullis is reported to credit LSD with helping him develop DNA amplification technology, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.^[84]

Oliver Sacks, a neurologist famous for writing best-selling case histories about his patients' disorders and unusual experiences, talks about his own experiences with LSD and other perception altering chemicals, in his book, Hallucinations.^[85]

Paul McCartney said that The Beatles' songs "Day Tripper" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" were inspired by LSD trips. Nonetheless, John Lennon consistently stated over the course of many years that the fact that the initials of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" spelled out L-S-D was a coincidence (the title came from a picture drawn by his son Julian) and that the band members did not notice until after the song had been released, and Paul McCartney corroborated that story.^[86] John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr also used the substance, although McCartney cautioned that "it's easy to overestimate the influence of drugs on the Beatles' music."^[87]

Richard Feynman, a notable physicist at California Institute of Technology, tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Feynman largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the "O Americano, Outra Vez" section.^[88]^[89]

Steve Jobs, co-founder and former CEO of Apple Inc., said, "Taking LSD was a profound experience, one of the most important things in my life."^[90]

W. H. Auden, the poet, said, "I myself have taken mescaline once and LSD once. Aside from a slight schizophrenic dissociation of the I from the Not-I, including my body, nothing happened at all."^[91] He also said, "LSD was a complete frost. … What it does seem to destroy is the power of communication. I have listened to tapes done by highly articulate people under LSD, for example, and they talk absolute drivel. They may have seen something interesting, but they certainly lose either the power or the wish to communicate."^[92] He also said, "Nothing much happened but I did get the distinct impression that some birds were trying to communicate with me."^[93]

Legal status

Internationally, the UN 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances requires its parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe.

Medical and scientific research with LSD in humans is permitted under the 1971 UN Convention, although has been reported to be difficult to actually carry out in practice.^[6]

Australia: LSD is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard.^[94] A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.^[94] Possession of under 5 doses of LSD is decriminalized in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) as of October 28, 2023.^[95]
Austria: LSD is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the Addictive Substances Act (Suchtmittelgesetz).^[96]^[6]
Brazil: Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.^[97]
Canada: LSD is a Schedule III controlled substance in Canada.^[98]
Croatia: LSD is a controlled substance.^[99]
Czech Republic: In 2010, the possession of 5 tabs of LSD has been decriminalized. Anybody possessing less than this amount may be charged for a misdemeanor or receive a warning from police.^[100]
Denmark: LSD is a Category A controlled substance in Denmark.^[101]
Germany: LSD is controlled under Schedule I of the Narcotics Act (Anlage I BtMG)^[102], former Opium Act (Opiumgesetz) as of February 25, 1967.^[103] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.^[104]
Italy: LSD is a Schedule I (Tabella I) controlled substance.^[105]
Japan: LSD is classified as a narcotic under the Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs Control Act (麻薬及び向精神薬取締法).^[106]
Latvia: LSD is a Schedule I controlled substance in Latvia.^[107]
Luxembourg: LSD is a prohibited substance. ^[108]
The Netherlands: LSD is classified as a List I (Lijst 1) controlled substance under the Opium Law (Opiumwet).^[109]
Norway: LSD is classified as a narcotic.^[110]
Portugal: LSD is illegal to produce, sell or trade in Portugal. However since 2001, individuals found in possession of small quantities (up to 500 µg) are considered sick individuals instead of criminals. The substance is confiscated and the suspects may be forced to attend a dissuasion session at the nearest CDT (Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction) or pay a fine, in most cases.^[111]
Russia: LSD is a List I (список I) contolled substance. It is illegal to possess, produce and sell.^[112]
Switzerland: LSD is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.^[113]
Sweden: LSD is a Schedule I (Förteckning I) controlled substance.^[114] The Swedish supreme court concluded in 2018 that possession of processed plant material containing a significant amount of DMT is illegal. However, possession of unprocessed such plant material was ruled legal.^{[citation needed]}
United Kingdom: LSD is a Class A controlled substance in the United Kingdom.^[115]
United States: LSD is a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, process, or distribute without a license from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).^[116]
Poland: LSD is illegal to own, produce and sell under "Wykaz środków odurzających i substancji psychotropowych" and is grouped in "I-P" ^[117]

External links

References

Discussion

The Big & Dandy Basic LSD Questions Thread - The Fourth Iteration (Bluelight)

Harm reduction resources

Literature

Experimental

Passie, T., Halpern, J. H., Stichtenoth, D. O., Emrich, H. M., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 14(4), 295-314. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x
Schmid, Y., Enzler, F., Gasser, P., Grouzmann, E., Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X., ... & Liechti, M. E. (2015). Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects. Biological psychiatry, 78(8), 544-553. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M., Williams, T. M., Williams, L. T., Underwood, R., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2016). The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Psychological medicine, 46(7), 1379-1390. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715002901
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2016). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(17), 4853-4858. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1518377113
Nichols, C. D., & Sanders-Bush, E. (2002). A single dose of lysergic acid diethylamide influences gene expression patterns within the mammalian brain. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(5), 634-642. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00405-5
Wacker, D., Wang, S., McCorvy, J. D., Betz, R. M., Venkatakrishnan, A. J., Levit, A., ... & Roth, B. L. (2017). Crystal structure of an LSD-bound human serotonin receptor. Cell, 168(3), 377-389. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033

Clinical

Fuentes, J. J., Fonseca, F., Elices, M., Farré, M., & Torrens, M. (2020). Therapeutic use of LSD in psychiatry: a systematic review of randomized-controlled clinical trials. Frontiers in psychiatry, 943. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943

General

Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011478

Footnotes

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Nichols, David E. (2016). Barker, Eric L., ed. "Psychedelics". Pharmacological Reviews. 68 (2): 264–355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478. eISSN 1521-0081. ISSN 0031-6997.
↑ Passie, T.; Halpern, J. H.; Stichtenoth, D. O.; Emrich, H. M.; Hintzen, A. "The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review" (PDF). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 14: 295–314. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x. eISSN 1755-5949. ISSN 1755-5930. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Schmid, Y.; Enzler, F.; Gasser, P.; Grouzmann, E.; Preller, K. H.; Vollenweider, F. X.; Brenneisen, R.; Müller, F.; Borgwardt, S.; Liechti, M. E. (2015). "Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects". Biological Psychiatry. 78 (8): 544–553. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015. eISSN 1873-2402. ISSN 0006-3223.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Joint Hearing before the Select Committee On Intelligence and the Subcommitte On Health And Scientific Research of the Committee On Human Resources: Ninety-fifth congress: First Session" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. August 3, 1977. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
↑ David Nichols (December 22, 2005). "LSD: cultural revolution and medical advances". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 "Convention On Psychotropic Substances, 1971" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
↑ Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2013. Volume 2, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55. Institute for Social Research. August 2014. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED578547.
↑ The psychedelic renaissance: reassassing the role of psychedelic drugs in 21st century psychiatry and society. Muswell Hill Press. 2012. ISBN 9781908995001.
↑ Krebs, Teri S; Johansen, Pål-Ørjan (8 March 2012). "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 26 (7): 994–1002. doi:10.1177/0269881112439253. eISSN 1461-7285. ISSN 0269-8811. PMID 22406913.
↑ Winkelman, Michael (27 January 2015). "Psychedelics as Medicines for Substance Abuse Rehabilitation: Evaluating Treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca". Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 7 (2): 101–116. doi:10.2174/1874473708666150107120011. ISSN 1874-4737. PMID 25563446.
↑ Sewell, R. A.; Halpern, J. H.; Pope, H. G. (26 June 2006). "Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD". Neurology. 66 (12): 1920–1922. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000219761.05466.43. eISSN 1526-632X. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 16801660.
↑ De Gregorio, Danilo; Popic, Jelena; Enns, Justine P.; Inserra, Antonio; Skalecka, Agnieszka; Markopoulos, Athanasios; Posa, Luca; Lopez-Canul, Martha; Qianzi, He; Lafferty, Christopher K.; Britt, Jonathan P.; Comai, Stefano; Aguilar-Valles, Argel; Sonenberg, Nahum; Gobbi, Gabriella (25 January 2021). "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (5). doi:10.1073/pnas.2020705118. eISSN 1091-6490. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7865169 . PMID 33495318.
↑ Schimmel, Nina; Breeksema, Joost J.; Smith-Apeldoorn, Sanne Y.; Veraart, Jolien; van den Brink, Wim; Schoevers, Robert A. (23 November 2021). "Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review". Psychopharmacology. 239 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y. eISSN 1432-2072. ISSN 0033-3158. PMID 34812901.
↑ Lyvers, Michael; Meester, Molly (2012). "Illicit Use of LSD or Psilocybin, but not MDMA or Nonpsychedelic Drugs, is Associated with Mystical Experiences in a Dose-Dependent Manner". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 44 (5): 410–417. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.736842. eISSN 2159-9777. ISSN 0279-1072.
↑ Grof, Stanislav (1993). Realms of the Human Unconscious: Observations from LSD Research. London: Souvenir Press. pp. 13-14. ISBN 0-285-64882-9. http://www.csp.org/chrestomathy/realms_of3.html. Retrieved on January 3, 2020.
↑ Lüscher, Christian; Ungless, Mark A. (2006). "The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs". PLOS Medicine. 3 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437. eISSN 1549-1676. ISSN 1549-1277. PMID 17105338.
↑ Strassmann, Rick (1984). "Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 172 (10): 577–595. doi:10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001. ISSN 0022-3018. OCLC 1754691. PMID 6384428.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 Nichols, David (May 24, 2003). "Hypothesis on Albert Hofmann's Famous 1943 "Bicycle Day"". at Mindstates IV: Berkeley, CA: Transcription & Editing by Erowid. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Hofmann, Albert (1980). LSD - My Problem Child. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07029-325-0. OCLC 6251390. https://erowid.org/library/books_online/lsd_my_problem_child/.
↑ Zentner, Joseph L. (1976). "The Recreational Use of LSD-25 and Drug Prohibition". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 8 (4): 299–305. doi:10.1080/02791072.1976.10471853. eISSN 2159-9777. ISSN 0279-1072.
↑ Veysey, Laurence R. (1978). The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 437. ISBN 0-226-85458-2.
↑ "Public Law 90-639" (PDF). Erowid. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
↑ Gasser, Peter (1995). "Psycholytic Therapy with MDMA and LSD in Switzerland". Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. MAPS. 5 (3): 3–7. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (1997). "#26. LSD-25". TiHKAL: The Continuation. United States: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. OCLC 38503252.
↑ "Chemical Datasheet: D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide". CAMEO Chemicals. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
↑ Li Z, McNally AJ, Wang H, Salamone SJ. Stability study of LSD under various storage conditions. J Anal Toxicol. 1998 Oct;22(6):520-5. doi: 10.1093/jat/22.6.520. PMID: 9788528.
↑ Carhart-Harris, R. L.; Muthukumaraswamy, S.; Roseman, L.; Kaelen, M.; Droog, W.; Murphy, K.; Tagliazucchi, E.; Schenberg, E. E.; Nest, T.; Orban, C.; Leech, R.; Williams, L. T.; Williams, T. M.; Bolstridge, M.; Sessa, B.; McGonigle, J.; Sereno, M. I.; Nichols, D.; Hellyer, P. J.; Hobden, P.; Evans, J.; Singh, K. D.; Wise, R. G.; Curran, H. V.; Feilding, A.; Nutt, D. J. (2016). "Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (17): 4853–4858. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518377113. eISSN 1091-6490. ISSN 0027-8424. OCLC 43473694.
↑ Aghajanian, G. K.; Bing, O. H. (1964). "Persistence Of Lysergic Acid Siethylamide In The Plasma Of Human Subjects". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 5 (5): 611–614. doi:10.1002/cpt196455611. ISSN 1532-6535. PMID 14209776.
↑ Nelson, D. L. (2004). "5-HT5 receptors". Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders. 3 (1): 53–58. doi:10.2174/1568007043482606. ISSN 1568-007X. PMID 14965244.
↑ Moreno, J. L.; Holloway, T.; Albizu, L.; Sealfon, S. C.; González-Maeso, J. (2011). "Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists". Neuroscience Letters. 493 (3): 76–79. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046. ISSN 0304-3940. OCLC 1874501. PMID 21276828.
↑ Krebs-Thomson, Ph.D., K. (May 1998). "Effects of Hallucinogens on Locomotor and Investigatory Activity and Patterns: Influence of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C Receptors". Neuropsychopharmacology. 18 (5): 339–351. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00164-4. ISSN 0893-133X.
↑ Burris, K. D., Breeding, M., Sanders-Bush, E. (1 September 1991). "(+)Lysergic acid diethylamide, but not its nonhallucinogenic congeners, is a potent serotonin 5HT1C receptor agonist". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 258 (3): 891–896. ISSN 0022-3565.
↑ Titeler, M., Lyon, R. A., Glennon, R. A. (February 1988). "Radioligand binding evidence implicates the brain 5-HT2 receptor as a site of action for LSD and phenylisopropylamine hallucinogens". Psychopharmacology. 94 (2). doi:10.1007/BF00176847. ISSN 0033-3158.
↑ Backstrom, J. (August 1999). "Agonist-Directed Signaling of Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptors Differences Between Serotonin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)". Neuropsychopharmacology. 21 (2): 77S–81S. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00005-6. ISSN 0893-133X.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Nichols, C. (May 2002). "A Single Dose of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Influences Gene Expression Patterns within the Mammalian Brain". Neuropsychopharmacology. 26 (5): 634–642. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00405-5. ISSN 0893-133X.
↑ Marona-Lewicka, Danuta; Thisted, Ronald A.; Nichols, David E. (2005). "Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D₂ receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis". Psychopharmacology. 180 (3): 427–435. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9. eISSN 1432-2072. ISSN 0033-3158. PMID 15723230.
↑ Hanna, Jon; Manning, Tania (2012). "The End of a Chemistry Era...: Dave Nichols Closes Shop". Erowid Extracts. Erowid. 23: 2–7. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
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↑ Holland D, Passie T (2011) Flashback-Phaenomene als Nachwirkung von Halluzinogeneinnahme VWB-Verlag, Berlin
↑ Abraham HD, Duffy FH (1996) Stable qEEG differences in post-LSD visual disorder by split half analysis: evidence for disinhibition. Psychiatry Res 67:173–187
↑ Halpern, JH; Lerner, AG; Passie, T (2018). "A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD". Current topics in behavioral neurosciences. 36: 333–360. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_457. PMID 27822679.
↑ Halpern, JH; Lerner, AG; Passie, T (2018). "A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD". Current topics in behavioral neurosciences. 36: 333–360. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_457. PMID 27822679.
↑ "Does LSD Stay in Your Spinal Cord Forever?". High Times. 12 January 2015.
↑ Passie, T; Halpern, JH; Stichtenoth, DO; Emrich, HM; Hintzen, A (2008). "The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review". CNS neuroscience & therapeutics. 14 (4): 295–314. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x. PMID 19040555.
↑ Armstrong, B. D.; Paik, E.; Chhith, S.; Lelievre, V.; Waschek, J. A.; Howard, S. G. (2004). "Potentiation of (DL)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptior partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939". Neuroscience Research Communications. 35 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1002/nrc.20023. eISSN 1520-6769.
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[79] "Famous LSD users". The Good Drugs Guide. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-20.

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[OpenCulture-81] Colman D (October 2011). "Aldous Huxley's LSD Death Trip". Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.

[82] "LSD, My Problem Child · Radiance from Ernst Junger". www.psychedelic-library.org.

[83] Alderson J (April 20, 2010). "Q&A with Jerry Garcia: Portrait of an Artist as a Tripper". Relix Magazine. Archived from the original on May 21, 2010. Retrieved 2013-06-29.

[84] Harrison A (2006-01-16). "LSD: The Geek's Wonder Drug?". Wired. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11. Like Herbert, many scientists and engineers also report heightened states of creativity while using LSD. During a press conference on Friday, Hofmann revealed that he was told by Nobel-prize-winning chemist Kary Mullis that LSD had helped him develop the polymerase chain reaction that helps amplify specific DNA sequences.

[85] Hallucinations. Vintage Books. 2012. pp. 106. ISBN 978-0-307-94743-7. https://www.oliversacks.com/books-by-oliver-sacks/hallucinations/. ""On the West Coast in the early 1960s LSD and morning glory seeds were readily available, so I sampled those, too.""

[86] "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds LSD". snopes.com. Retrieved 2012-06-20.

[weeklystandard-87] Matus V (June 2004). "The Truth Behind "LSD"". The Weekly Standard.

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[89] Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. Pantheon Books. 1992. ISBN 978-0-679-40836-9. OCLC 243743850.

[90] Bosker B (21 October 2011). "The Steve Jobs Reading List: The Books And Artists That Made The Man". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on October 22, 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.

[91] Mason D (Autumn 2015). "Review: Awe for Auden". The Hudson Review. The Hudson Review, Inc. 68 (3): 492–500.

[92] Auden WH (15 November 1971). "W. H. Auden at Swathmore; An hour of questions and answers with Auden". Exhibition notes from the W.H. Auden Collection. the Swarthmore College Library.

[93] MacMonagle N (17 February 2007). "A Master of Memorable speech". The Irish Times.

[Poisons_Standard-94] 94.0 ^94.1 "Poisons Standard October 2015". Federal Register of Legislation.

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-First synthesized by [[Albert Hoffman]] in 1938 '''LSD''' is the archetypal psychedelic (literally “soul-opening”) drug. '''LSD''' is a synthetic chemical derived from ergot alkaloids which are produced by a fungus which grows on rye. LSD was initially heralded as a breakthrough in psychiatry and research into mental illness until LSD “escaped” from the lab and came to be used recreationally during the sixties. '''LSD''' was eventually made illegal in 1967.
+{{SummarySheet}}
+{{SubstanceBox/LSD}}
+'''Lysergic acid diethylamide''' (also known as '''Lysergide''', '''LSD-25''', '''LSD''', '''L''', '''Lucy''', and '''Acid''') is a [[classical psychedelics|classical]] [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::lysergamide]] class.<ref name="Nichols2016">{{cite journal|last=Nichols|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Nichols|editor-last=Barker|editor-first=Eric L.|title=Psychedelics|journal=Pharmacological Reviews|volume=68|issue=2|pages=264-355|doi=10.1124/pr.115.011478|year=2016|issn=0031-6997|eissn=1521-0081}}</ref> It is perhaps the most researched and culturally influential psychedelic substance, as well as the prototypal [[lysergamide]]. The mechanism of action is not fully known, although [[serotonin]] [[agonist|binding activity]] is thought to be sucking cock.
-According to the 2004 National Household Survey, the largest survey of psychoactive drug use in the United States: More than 10% of people over the age of 12 say they have tried '''LSD''' at some time in their lives. The number is more than 15% among those between the ages of 18 and 25.
+[[File:Larnaca_eats_shit.gif|thumb|99999px|left|SNORT COCAINE!]]
-In a 1998 survey in the UK 11% of those aged 16-29 said they had tried '''LSD''' at least once.
+The psychoactive effects of LSD were first discovered in 1943 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hofmann Albert Hofmann] at Sandoz Laboratories (Switzerland).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Passie|first1=T.|last2=Halpern|first2=J. H.|last3=Stichtenoth|first3=D. O.|last4=Emrich|first4=H. M.|last5=Hintzen|first5=A.|title=The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review|url=http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/2008/2008_Passie_23067_1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501033627/http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/2008/2008_Passie_23067_1.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2013|access-date=January 1, 2020|journal=CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics|volume=14|pages=295–314|doi=10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x|issn=1755-5930|eissn=1755-5949}}</ref>
+In the 1950s, it was widely distributed by Sandoz as an experimental drug for psychotherapy and scientific research;<ref name="Schmid2015">{{cite journal|last1=Schmid|first1=Y.|last2=Enzler|first2=F.|last3=Gasser|first3=P.|last4=Grouzmann|first4=E.|last5=Preller|first5=K. H.|last6=Vollenweider|first6=F. X.|last7=Brenneisen|first7=R.|last8=Müller|first8=F.|last9=Borgwardt|first9=S.|last10=Liechti|first10=M. E.|title=Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects|year=2015|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=78|issue=8|pages=544-553|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015|issn=0006-3223|eissn=1873-2402}}</ref> during this era, it provoked considerable interest from the intellectual establishment and was even the subject of a clandestine investigation by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for potential applications in "mind control".<ref name="SenateReport1977">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf|title=Joint Hearing before the Select Committee On Intelligence and the Subcommitte On Health And Scientific Research of the Committee On Human Resources: Ninety-fifth congress: First Session|date=August 3, 1977|access-date=January 3, 2020|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref>
+Recreational LSD use became a central, highly-visible aspect of the 1960s youth counterculture movement, eventually paving the way for international prohibition in 1971.<ref name="NicholsChemistryWorld">{{cite web|url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/section/feature/lsd-cultural-revolution-and-medical-advances/3004672.article|title=LSD: cultural revolution and medical advances|author=David Nichols|author-link=David E. Nichols|date=December 22, 2005|website=Chemistry World|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|access-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Convention1971">{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf|title=Convention On Psychotropic Substances, 1971|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref> Today, illicit recreational use remains widespread and it is associated in
+popular culture with the counterculture and rave scenes. The lifetime prevalence of LSD use among American adults is 6-8%.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Johnston, L. D.)), ((O’Malley, P. M.)), ((Bachman, J. G.)), ((Schulenberg, J. E.)), ((Miech, R. A.)) | date= August 2014 | title=Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2013. Volume 2, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55 | publisher=Institute for Social Research | url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED578547}}</ref>
-== Other names ==
+Following decades of institutional suppression, scientific research involving LSD has recently undergone a massive revival.<ref name="Schmid2015" />  As a part of the so-called "psychedelic renaissance",<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sessa, B.)) | date= 2012 | title=The psychedelic renaissance: reassassing the role of psychedelic drugs in 21st century psychiatry and society | publisher=Muswell Hill Press | isbn=9781908995001}}</ref> it is currently being investigated in the treatment of a number of conditions including alcoholism,<ref name="KrebsJohansen2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Krebs | first1 = Teri S | last2 = Johansen | first2 = Pål-Ørjan | title = Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | date = 8 March 2012 | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 994–1002 | issn = 0269-8811 | eissn = 1461-7285 | doi = 10.1177/0269881112439253 | pmid = 22406913 | url = }}</ref> substance addiction,<ref name="Winkelman2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Winkelman | first1 = Michael | title = Psychedelics as Medicines for Substance Abuse Rehabilitation: Evaluating Treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca | journal = Current Drug Abuse Reviews | date = 27 January 2015 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–116 | issn = 1874-4737 | doi = 10.2174/1874473708666150107120011 | pmid = 25563446 | url = }}</ref> cluster headache,<ref name="SewellHalpernPope2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Sewell | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Halpern | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Pope | first3 = H. G. | title = Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD | journal = Neurology | date = 26 June 2006 | volume = 66 | issue = 12 | pages = 1920–1922 | issn = 0028-3878 | eissn = 1526-632X | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000219761.05466.43 | pmid = 16801660 | url = }}</ref> autism,<ref name="De GregorioPopicEnns2021">{{cite journal | last1 = De Gregorio | first1 = Danilo | last2 = Popic | first2 = Jelena | last3 = Enns | first3 = Justine P. | last4 = Inserra | first4 = Antonio | last5 = Skalecka | first5 = Agnieszka | last6 = Markopoulos | first6 = Athanasios | last7 = Posa | first7 = Luca | last8 = Lopez-Canul | first8 = Martha | last9 = Qianzi | first9 = He | last10 = Lafferty | first10 = Christopher K. | last11 = Britt | first11 = Jonathan P. | last12 = Comai | first12 = Stefano | last13 = Aguilar-Valles | first13 = Argel | last14 = Sonenberg | first14 = Nahum | last15 = Gobbi | first15 = Gabriella | title = Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date = 25 January 2021 | volume = 118 | issue = 5 | issn = 0027-8424 | eissn = 1091-6490 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2020705118 | pmid = 33495318 | pmc = 7865169 | url = }}</ref> and [[anxiety]] associated with terminal illness.<ref name="SchimmelBreeksemaSmith-Apeldoorn2021">{{cite journal | last1 = Schimmel | first1 = Nina | last2 = Breeksema | first2 = Joost J. | last3 = Smith-Apeldoorn | first3 = Sanne Y. | last4 = Veraart | first4 = Jolien | last5 = van den Brink | first5 = Wim | last6 = Schoevers | first6 = Robert A. | title = Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review | journal = Psychopharmacology | date = 23 November 2021 | volume = 239 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–33 | issn = 0033-3158 | eissn = 1432-2072 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y | pmid = 34812901 | url = }}</ref>
-*Alice
+[[Subjective effects]] include [[visual geometry]] / [[hallucinatory states]], [[time distortion]], [[introspection|enhanced introspection]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. LSD use is reportedly associated with mystical-type experiences that are sometimes claimed to facilitate self-reflection and personal growth.<ref name="LyversMeester2012">{{cite journal|last1=Lyvers|first1=Michael|last2=Meester|first2=Molly|title=Illicit Use of LSD or Psilocybin, but not MDMA or Nonpsychedelic Drugs, is Associated with Mystical Experiences in a Dose-Dependent Manner|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=44|issue=5|year=2012|pages=410–417|issn=0279-1072|doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.736842|eissn=2159-9777}}</ref> It has been called the first modern [[entheogen]], a group which is otherwise limited to traditional plant preparations or extracts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grof|first=Stanislav|year=1993|title= Realms of the Human Unconscious: Observations from LSD Research|publisher=Souvenir Press|location=London|isbn=0-285-64882-9|url=http://www.csp.org/chrestomathy/realms_of3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128001045/http://www.csp.org/chrestomathy/realms_of3.html|archive-date=January 28, 2011|access-date=January 3, 2020|pages=13-14}}</ref>
-*Hits
-*Angel Tears
-*Bart Simpsons
-*Big D
-*Blotter
-*Chief
-*Cid
-*Cupcakes
-*Domes
-*Doses
-*Dots
-*El Cid
-*Ellis Day
-*Flash
-*Fluff
-*Ghost
-*Haze
-*Headlights
-*Instant Zen
-*L
-*Lucy
-*Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
-*Leary’s
-*Microdots
-*Owsley’s
-*Pane/Windowpane
-*Sacrament
-*Strawberrys/Strawberry Fields
-*Sunshine
-*Sugar
-*Tabs
-*Trips
-*Zen
-== Using LSD-25 ==
+Unlike most highly prohibited substances, LSD has not been proven to be physiologically toxic or addictive.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lüscher|first1=Christian|last2=Ungless|first2=Mark A.|title=The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs|year=2006|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437|pmid=17105338|issn=1549-1277|eissn=1549-1676}}</ref>  However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders (see [[LSD#Toxicity and harm potential|this section]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref>
-=== Ways of administration ===
+It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction#Hallucinogens|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
-Most people swallow blotter LSD. LSD blotter can also be taken sublingually (allowed to rest under the tongue for 15-20 minutes). Liquid LSD is generally dropped straight onto the tongue (or onto sugar cubes which are then eaten). Liquid acid has also been reported to be administered by dropping in the eye. LSD can also be taken intravenously (although this is uncommon). LSD is absorbed through the skin and so “thumb-prints” (dipping thumb in bag of crystal LSD/liquid LSD) are another means of dosing.
+==History and culture==
+The original synthesis of LSD was recorded on November 16, 1938, by the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann while employed at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland.<ref name="Nichols">{{cite web|last=Nichols|first=David|author-link=David E. Nichols|title=Hypothesis on Albert Hofmann's Famous 1943 "Bicycle Day"|event=Mindstates IV|date=May 24, 2003|location=at Mindstates IV: Berkeley, CA|publisher=Transcription & Editing by Erowid|url=https://erowid.org/general/conferences/conference_mindstates4_nichols.shtml|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref> The compound was synthesized as part of a large research program searching for medically useful derivatives of ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains.
-LSD cannot be smoked as it is destroyed by heat.
+However, it was not discovered to be psychoactive until five years later, when Hofmann claimed to have accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical before proceeding to ride his bike home.<ref name="Nichols" />
-=== Typical doses for LSD ===
+The first intentional ingestion was recorded on April 19, 1943.<ref name="LsdMyProblemChild"></ref> Hofmann ingested 250 micrograms (µg) of LSD, believing it would be a threshold dose based on the doses of other ergot [[alkaloids]]. He found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated and was impressed by its profound mind-altering effects. April 19th is now celebrated annually as "Bicycle Day".
-Threshold (dose at which effects first noted): 20micrograms (mcg) of LSD
+In 1947, Sandoz introduced LSD to the medical community under the name ''Delysid'', marketing it as an experimental tool to induce temporary psychotic-like states in normals (“model-psychosis”) and later to enhance psychotherapeutic treatments (“psycholytic” or “psychedelic” therapy).<ref name="LsdMyProblemChild"></ref> The substance had a major impact upon its release — within 15 years, research on LSD and other [[hallucinogens]] generated over 1,000 scientific papers and was prescribed to over 40,000 patients.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zentner|first=Joseph L.|title=The Recreational Use of LSD-25 and Drug Prohibition|journal=Journal of Psychedelic Drugs|volume=8|issue=4|pages=299-305|year=1976|issn=0279-1072|eissn=2159-9777|doi=10.1080/02791072.1976.10471853}}</ref>
-Light (sometimes called a “museum” dose): 25-75mcg of LSD
-Common: 50-150 mcg of LSD
-Strong: 150-400 mcg of LSD
-Heavy: 400 + mcg of LSD
-The effects of LSD are unpredictable. They may vary dramatically from one person to another based on a variety of factors such as body chemistry, age, gender, physical and emotional health etc. The effects of LSD also depend on the amount taken; the user's personality, mood, and expectations; and the surroundings in which the drug is used.
+In the 1950s, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) created a research program code-named [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKUltra MK-ULTRA] that would conduct clandestine research investigating LSD for applications in 'mind control' and chemical warfare.
+Experiments included administering the substance to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public without their knowledge or consent, which resulted in at least one death.<ref name="SenateReport1977"></ref>
-After oral ingestion of LSD duration of onset is typically 20-60 minutes but can be as long as 90 minutes.
+In 1963, the Sandoz patents for LSD expired. Several prominent intellectuals, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, Al Hubbard, and Alan Watts began to advocate for the mass consumption of LSD; according to L. R. Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Veysey|first=Laurence R.|isbn=0-226-85458-2|year=1978|title=The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America|page=437|location=Chicago IL|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> LSD became a central, highly-visible feature of the youth-driven counterculture of the 1960s, provoking widespread controversy and backlash in American civil society.
+On October 24, 1968, LSD possession was made illegal in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Law 90-639|publisher=Erowid|url=https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/law/law_fed_staggers-dodd.pdf|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref> The last FDA approved study in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gasser|first=Peter|year=1995|title=Psycholytic Therapy with MDMA and LSD in Switzerland|url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n3/05303psy.html|magazine=Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies|volume=5|number=3|pages=3-7|publisher=MAPS|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref>
-Plateau effect is 3-6 hours
+===Names===
-Coming down is 3-5 hours in total
+The name ''LSD'' comes from its early research code name ''LSD-25'', an abbreviation for the German spelling "Lysergsäure-diethylamid" followed by a sequential number.<ref name="LsdMyProblemChild">{{cite book|url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/lsd_my_problem_child/|title=LSD - My Problem Child|last=Hofmann|first=Albert|translator-last=Ott|translator-first=Jonathan|year=1980|isbn=978-0-07029-325-0|oclc=6251390|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill}}</ref>
-After effects last 2-5 hours
-Total duration of an LSD trip: 6-11 hours (sometimes longer)
-== Effects of LSD ==
+LSD has numerous street names including: '''acid''', '''lucy''', '''L''', '''cid''' or '''sid'''. Also called '''blotter''' or '''tabs''', a reference to their standard form of distribution.
+==Chemistry==
+LSD, or d-lysergic acid diethylamide, belongs to a class of synthetic organic compounds called [[lysergamides]] (a subclass of ergolines).
-The importance of set and setting cannot be over-emphasised when taking psychedelics: Set is the expectations a person brings with them. Setting is the environment that a person is in. Set includes expectations about the drug's actions and how the person will react. Setting includes the social and physical conditions that the individuals take drugs within. It is widely accepted that set and setting are the most important determinant of experiences with psychedelics, while the drug only plays the role of a catalyst or trigger.
+It is the "parent compound" of the lysergamide family, meaning it serves as the prototype for a series of compounds that are derived from its structure and have broadly similar effects. These include: [[1B-LSD]], [[1P-LSD]], [[1V-LSD]], [[ALD-52]], [[AL-LAD]], [[ETH-LAD]], [[PRO-LAD]], [[LSM-775]], [[LSZ]], and [[MiPLA]].
-Positive effects of LSD:
+The chemical structure consists of a bicyclic hexahydroindole ring fused to a bicyclic quinoline group (lysergic acid). At carbon 8 of the quinoline an N,N-diethyl carboxamide is bound. It is additionally substituted at carbon 6 with a methyl group.
-Increase in energy, increase in associative and creative thinking, mood lift, increased awareness and appreciation of music, increased awareness of senses (smell, taste etc), closed and open-eye visual hallucinations/illusions. Perceptions are altered. People may notice that the walls of the room are "breathing" or that motionless curtains appear to be moving. Senses appear to mix: A LSD user might see music, taste colours, or hear visual stimuli (synaesthesia). Some people report changes in perception of self and the universe producing profound and life-changing spiritual experiences.
+It is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at R<sub>5</sub> and R<sub>8</sub>. The active form of LSD is called (+)-D-LSD, which has an absolute configuration of (5''R'', 8''R'').  The other three stereoisomers do not have psychoactive properties.<ref name="TiHKAL">{{cite book|title=TiHKAL: The Continuation|title-link=TiHKAL|last1=Shulgin|first1=Alexander|last2=Shulgin|first2=Ann|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|year=1997|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0-9630096-9-9|oclc=38503252|chapter-url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal26.shtml|chapter=#26. LSD-25}}</ref>
-Neutral effects of LSD:
+The pure form occurs as colorless, odorless, prismatic crystals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20577|title=Chemical Datasheet: D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide|publisher=CAMEO Chemicals|access-date=November 15, 2020}}</ref> It is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine (especially in solution).<ref name="TiHKAL"></ref> Its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at cold temperatures around 0°C or below, but slowly degrades at normal room temperature (25°C).<ref>Li Z, McNally AJ, Wang H, Salamone SJ. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9788528/ Stability study of LSD under various storage conditions]. J Anal Toxicol. 1998 Oct;22(6):520-5. doi: 10.1093/jat/22.6.520. PMID: 9788528.</ref>
-General change in level of consciousness, Increased salivation and mucous production (may cause coughing), Pupil dilatation, Increase in body temperature (very rarely LSD has been reported to cause hyperthermia), Change in perception of time, unusual or rapidly changing thought patterns or emotions, Slight increase in heart rate and blood pressure, Facial flushing, Goosebumps.
-Negative effects of LSD:
+==Pharmacology==
-Anxiety, Muscular tension (including jaw tension and teeth grinding), Dizziness, Confusion, Increased perspiration, Nausea, Over-awareness (and over-stimulation as a result) of sensory stimuli, Fear, Panic, Paranoia and unwanted and overwhelming feelings.
+[[File:Lsd brain scan.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|This image shows how, with eyes-closed, much more of the brain contributes to the visual experience under LSD (right image) than under placebo (left image). <p>The magnitude of this effect correlates with participants’ reports of complex, dreamlike visions.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=R. L.|last1=Carhart-Harris|first2=S.|last2=Muthukumaraswamy|first3=L.|last3=Roseman|first4=M.|last4=Kaelen|first5=W.|last5=Droog|first6=K.|last6=Murphy|first7=E.|last7=Tagliazucchi|first8=E. E.|last8=Schenberg|first9=T.|last9=Nest|first10=C.|last10=Orban||first11=R.|last11=Leech|first12=L. T.|last12=Williams|first13=T. M.|last13=Williams|first14=M.|last14=Bolstridge|first15=B.|last15=Sessa|first16=J.|last16=McGonigle|first17=M. I.|last17=Sereno|first18=D.|last18=Nichols|author-link18=David E. Nichols|first19=P. J.|last19=Hellyer|first20=P.|last20=Hobden|first21=J.|last21=Evans|first22=K. D.|last22=Singh|first23=R. G.|last23=Wise|first24=H. V.|last24=Curran|first25=A.|last25=Feilding|first26=D. J.|last26=Nutt|title=Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=113|issue=17|pages=4853-4858|year=2016|doi=10.1073/pnas.1518377113|issn=0027-8424|eissn=1091-6490|oclc=43473694}}</ref>]]
-== Different Uses for LSD ==
+[[File:LSDaffinities.GIF|thumbnail|250px|right|Binding affinities of LSD for various receptors.{{notetag|Data averaged from data from the Ki Database.}} <p>The lower the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_constant dissociation constant] (Ki), the more strongly LSD binds to that receptor (i.e. with higher affinity). The horizontal line represents an approximate value for human plasma concentrations of LSD, and hence, receptor affinities that are above the line are unlikely to be involved in LSD's effect.]]
-LSD has been used for many different purposes over the years. Originally LSD was used in psychiatric research as a means of inducing an “experimental psychosis” as it was thought that the LSD state was analogous to schizophrenia. Much research was done in the 50’s and 60’s in attempts to prove or disprove this hypothesis. Of particular interest was “blocking” the psychotic state by administration of drugs, as this was seen as a promising development in the treatment of mental illness. However it became increasingly obvious that the LSD-induced state had many specific characteristics clearly distinguishing it from schizophrenia and this approach was abandoned by the majority of researchers.
+{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
+According to various studies, LSD acts as a [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]] at most [[serotonin]] [[receptor]] subtypes, including the 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> and 5-HT<sub>6</sub> receptors, with high affinities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aghajanian|first1=G. K.|last2=Bing|first2=O. H.|title=Persistence Of Lysergic Acid Siethylamide In The Plasma Of Human Subjects|year=1964|journal=Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=5|issue=5|pages=611-614|doi=10.1002/cpt196455611|pmid=14209776|issn=1532-6535}}</ref> The 5-HT<sub>3</sub> and 5-HT<sub>4</sub> receptors are excluded. 5-HT<sub>5B</sub> receptors, which have not been found in humans, also have a high affinity for LSD.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nelson|first=D. L.|title=5-HT5 receptors|journal=Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders|year=2004|volume=3|issue=1|pmid=14965244|pages=53-58|doi=10.2174/1568007043482606|issn=1568-007X}}</ref>
-LSD experiences were recommended as a tool for the training of psychiatrists, psychologists, medical students, and psychiatric nurses. The LSD sessions were advertised as a short, safe and reversible journey into the world of the schizophrenic. It was thought that a psychedelic experience could increase the subject's ability to understand psychotic patients, approach them with sensitivity, and treat them effectively.
+The mechanism of LSD's [[psychedelic]] effects is thought to be [[agonist]] (binding) activity at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>, and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor subtypes, with high affinities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moreno|first1=J. L.|last2=Holloway|first2=T.|last3=Albizu|first3=L.|last4=Sealfon|first4=S. C.|last5=González-Maeso|first5=J.|year=2011|title=Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists|journal=Neuroscience Letters|volume=493|issue=3|pages=76-79|doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046|issn=0304-3940|pmid=21276828|oclc=1874501}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Krebs-Thomson, Ph.D., K.)) | journal=Neuropsychopharmacology | title=Effects of Hallucinogens on Locomotor and Investigatory Activity and Patterns: Influence of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C Receptors | volume=18 | issue=5 | pages=339–351 | date= May 1998 | url=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00164-4 | issn=0893133X | doi=10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00164-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Burris, K. D.)), ((Breeding, M.)), ((Sanders-Bush, E.)) | journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | title=(+)Lysergic acid diethylamide, but not its nonhallucinogenic congeners, is a potent serotonin 5HT1C receptor agonist. | volume=258 | issue=3 | pages=891–896 | date=1 September 1991 | url=https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/258/3/891 | issn=0022-3565}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Titeler, M.)), ((Lyon, R. A.)), ((Glennon, R. A.)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Radioligand binding evidence implicates the brain 5-HT2 receptor as a site of action for LSD and phenylisopropylamine hallucinogens | volume=94 | issue=2 | date= February 1988 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00176847 | issn=0033-3158 | doi=10.1007/BF00176847}}</ref> Further information about how altered serotonin signaling may lead to LSD's signature cascade of visual and cognitive effects is [[Serotonergic psychedelic#Proposed_method_of_action|available here]]. It should be noted that the mechanism is not fully understood.
-This early period of LSD research brought important new insights into the nature of creative processes and the psychology/psychopathology of art. It was also an important impetus in the development of theories about the psychology/psychopathology of religion.
+Recent research has also found that LSD activates different intracellular signaling cascades than endogenous serotonin even when bound to the same receptor sites.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Backstrom, J.)) | journal=Neuropsychopharmacology | title=Agonist-Directed Signaling of Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptors Differences Between Serotonin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) | volume=21 | issue=2 | pages=77S-81S | date= August 1999 | url=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00005-6 | issn=0893133X | doi=10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00005-6}}</ref> Because intracellular signaling cascades influence gene expression, LSD-induced signaling events within cells may inappropriately alter gene expression, which in turn may lead to changes in neuronal state and subsequently cognition.<ref name="CNichols">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nichols, C.)) | journal=Neuropsychopharmacology | title=A Single Dose of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Influences Gene Expression Patterns within the Mammalian Brain | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=634–642 | date= May 2002 | url=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00405-5 | issn=0893133X | doi=10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00405-5}}</ref>
-Clandestine research was also undertaken during this period by various government agencies worldwide, who were seeking to utilise the effects of LSD (and other hallucinogens) as “truth serums” and interrogation tools. LSD was also investigated as a chemical weapon. Much of this LSD research remains classified, however an excellent overview is provided by :“Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD, the CIA, the Sixties and Beyond” by Martin A Lee and Bruce Schlain.
+These findings help explain why the behavioral effects can resemble paranoid schizophrenia in humans.
-Perhaps the most important area of LSD research was experimental psycho-therapy, this was first postulated by Condrau in 1949. In the early fifties several researchers independently recommended LSD as an adjunct to psychotherapy, which could deepen and intensify the therapeutic process. The pioneers of this approach were Busch and Johnson and Abramson in the US; Sandison, Spencer and Whitelaw in the UK; and Frederking in West Germany. Over the next 30 years or so hundreds of papers were published on the use of LSD in psychotic illness, as a treatment for alcoholism, and other addictions, as a treatment for depression and as an adjunct in personality and sexual disorders. Much of the research seemed to indicate that LSD-assisted psychotherapy could reach certain categories of psychiatric patients usually considered poor candidates for psychoanalysis or other forms of therapy.
+The study concludes that acute LSD usage increases expression of a small set of genes in the mammalian brain that are involved in a wide array of cellular functions implicated in synaptic plasticity, glutamatergic signaling, cytoskeletal architecture and perhaps communication between the synapse and nucleus.<ref name="CNichols" />
-For a more complete look at the history of LSD psychotherapy read this:
+Additionally, studies have shown that LSD possesses binding efficacy at all [[Dopamine#The Dopamine System|dopamine]] and all [[Adrenaline#The_Adrenergic_System|norepinephrine]] receptors. Most [[serotonergic psychedelic|serotonergic psychedelics]] are not significantly [[dopamine|dopaminergic]], so LSD is unique in this respect.
-History of LSD Therapy – by Stanislav Grof, M.D.
+In particular, LSD's agonist activity at  the D<sub>2</sub> receptor has been shown to contribute to its subjective effects.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15723230|doi=10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9|last1=Marona-Lewicka|first1=Danuta|last2=Thisted|first2=Ronald A.|last3=Nichols|first3=David E.|author-link3=David E. Nichols|title=Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis|year=2005|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=180|issue=3|pages=427–435|issn=0033-3158|eissn=1432-2072}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hanna|first1=Jon|last2=Manning|first2=Tania|year=2012|title=The End of a Chemistry Era...: Dave Nichols Closes Shop|url=https://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/nichols_david/nichols_david_interview1.shtml|magazine=Erowid Extracts|volume=23|pages=2-7|publisher=Erowid|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref>
-By 1966 LSD was available on the streets. Publicity generated by Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert’s research and subsequent firing from Harvard, and a “Life” cover story entitled “LSD: The Exploding Threat of the Mind Drug That Got Out of Control” contributed to Sandoz recalling the LSD it had previously distributed and withdrawing funding for LSD research. LSD was made illegal in California on 10/06/66 and was federally scheduled in the US in 1967.
+==="Flashbacks"===
+The etiology of the "flashback" phenomenon appears to be varied. Some researchers such as Krebs and Johansen (2015<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johansen |first1=PØ |last2=Krebs |first2=TS |title=Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: a population study. |journal=Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) |date=March 2015 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=270-9 |doi=10.1177/0269881114568039 |pmid=25744618}}</ref>) attribute at least some of the cases to be related to Somatic Symptom Disorder, when people fixate on normal somatic experiences and perceptions that they weren't aware of before consuming the drug. Other researchers relate it to an associative reaction to a contextual cue akin to what people that have faced trauma or strongly emotional experiences face when receiving a triggering stimulus (Holland and Passie 2011<ref>Holland D, Passie T (2011) Flashback-Phaenomene als Nachwirkung von Halluzinogeneinnahme VWB-Verlag, Berlin</ref>). There is no consensus on what are the risk factors but some researchers theorize that pre-existing psychopathologies may be a significant contributor (Abraham and Duffy 1996<ref>Abraham HD, Duffy FH (1996) Stable qEEG differences in post-LSD visual disorder by split half analysis: evidence for disinhibition. Psychiatry Res 67:173–187</ref>)
-Whilst many people do take LSD for purely recreational value, others use LSD for spiritual purposes and self-exploration.
+The prevalence of HPPD is difficult to estimate but appears to be very rare (Halpern et al 2016<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halpern |first1=JH |last2=Lerner |first2=AG |last3=Passie |first3=T |title=A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD. |journal=Current topics in behavioral neurosciences |date=2018 |volume=36 |pages=333-360 |doi=10.1007/7854_2016_457 |pmid=27822679}}</ref>), with estimates ranging from 1 in 20 users for the transitory and less serious type 1 HPPD, to 1 in 50.000 users for the more concerning type 2 HPPD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halpern |first1=JH |last2=Lerner |first2=AG |last3=Passie |first3=T |title=A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD. |journal=Current topics in behavioral neurosciences |date=2018 |volume=36 |pages=333-360 |doi=10.1007/7854_2016_457 |pmid=27822679}}</ref>
-There have been several attempts made to incorporate LSD into religion as a sacrament (and thus avoid prosecution for use, as with the Native American use of peyote). In 1966 Arthur Kleps founded the Neo-American BooHoo Church which preached the sacramental use of LSD. Although ultimately unsuccessful he fought a long court-case to have his religious beliefs in LSD recognised and protected. Also in 1966 Timothy Leary founded the League of Spiritual Development which depicted man as God and LSD as the sacrament. Another LSD Church was The Brotherhood of Eternal Love (see the history of LSD).
+Contrary to rumors circulating the internet that LSD is stored in the spinal chord or other parts of your body long-term,<ref>{{cite web |title=Does LSD Stay in Your Spinal Cord Forever? |url=https://hightimes.com/health/science/does-lsd-stay-in-your-spinal-cord-forever/ |website=High Times |date=12 January 2015}}</ref> the pharmacological evidence (Passie et all 2008<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Passie |first1=T |last2=Halpern |first2=JH |last3=Stichtenoth |first3=DO |last4=Emrich |first4=HM |last5=Hintzen |first5=A |title=The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review. |journal=CNS neuroscience & therapeutics |date=2008 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=295-314 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x |pmid=19040555}}</ref>) shows LSD has a short half-life of 175 minutes, undergoing enzymatic metabolism into more polar and therefore water-soluble compounds such as 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD that are eliminated through the urine. No evidence of long term storage of LSD in the body exists.
-== Dangers of LSD ==
+==Subjective effects==
+Compared to some other psychedelics such as [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[LSA]], and [[ayahuasca]], LSD is reported to be more stimulating and fast-paced in its physical and cognitive effects. The wide variety of effects observed may be attributed to its so-called "promiscuous" binding activity at a range of CNS receptors other than [[serotonin]], such as [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] receptors.
-LSD is a remarkably non-toxic drug, with few (if any) adverse physical effects. The estimated LD50 (dose at which 50% of subjects die) for humans is estimated at 12,000-14,000mcg LSD. There are reports in the literature of individuals ingesting 40,000mcg of LSD and surviving unscathed.
+In terms of [[subjective effects]], LSD may be described as possessing the [[Visual effects - Psychedelics|visual]] and [[Cognitive effects - Psychedelics|mental content]] of [[psilocybin]] or [[DMT]] along with the "[[dopaminergic]] edge" of a classical [[stimulant]] such as [[amphetamine]] or [[methylphenidate]]. Consequently, LSD euphoria can be described as "medium forced", which is higher than [[tryptamines]] but not as high as some [[phenethylamines|phenethylamine-based]] [[stimulants]] or [[entactogens]].
-There have been NO recorded fatalities as a result of LSD intoxication alone. All deaths have been associated with poly-drug use or accidents as a result of intoxication. LSD has rarely (and controversially) been implicated in suicide. There are some reports of hyperthermia syndromes with LSD, but again these have only been reported with doses of LSD in vast excess of normal.
+Additionally, it is associated with slightly more cognitive side effects such as [[anxiety]] and [[paranoia]] compared to [[psilocybin]] or [[mescaline]]. Some users report they have a harsher comedown that can resemble that of a [[stimulant]], perhaps owing to its long duration (10 hr+) and sensitivity to its [[dopaminergic]] properties.
-(Coma, Hyperthermia, and Bleeding Associated with Massive LSD Overdose, A Report of Eight Cases Klock JC, Boerner U, Becker CE : Clinical Toxicology, 1975; 8(2):191-203)
+{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
-Even when used repeatedly over long periods of time LSD is not addictive and there is no withdrawal syndrome on discontinuation of use. However if LSD is used daily for several days tolerance to its hallucinogenic effects will build up, meaning a user requires larger doses of LSD to achieve the same result. This tolerance disappears if LSD is abstained from for several days. Cross-tolerance to mescaline and psilocybin also occurs.
+{{effects/base
+|{{effects/physical|
+*'''[[Effect::Neurogenesis]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - LSD is usually described as very energetic and stimulating without being forced. For example, it tends to encourage physical activities such as walking, climbing, or dancing. <p>In comparison, other common psychedelics such as [[psilocybin]] or [[LSA]] are generally sedating and sedentary.
+*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of LSD behaves as a euphoric, fast-moving, sharp and location specific or generalized tingling sensation. {{efn|''For some, it manifests spontaneously at different, unpredictable points throughout the trip, but for most, it maintains a steady presence that rises with the onset and dissipates after the peak.''}}
+*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - A unique form of physical euphoria may occur at certain points of the trip. However, it is limited and inconsistent compared to the effect of [[entactogens]] or [[opioids]], and can just as easily manifest as physical discomfort without any apparent reason.
+*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]''' - The stimulation and energy LSD produces can cause the user to feel as if they are moving weightlessly.
+*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' - Feelings of enhanced tactile sensations are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most LSD trips.{{efn|''If [[Effect::8A Geometry|Level 8A Geometry]] is reached, an intense sensation of seeming to "become aware of and feel every single nerve ending across your entire body all at once" has been described.''}}
+*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]''' - This effect is often accompanied by a sense of warmth or [[Unity and interconnectedness#Unity between the self and specific external systems|unity]] and usually near the peak of the experience. Users can feel as if they are physically part of or conjoined with other objects.{{efn|''This effect is usually reported as feeling comfortable and peaceful, compared to the kind experienced on [[salvia]].''}}
+*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - LSD can greatly reduce or distort the perception of pain. This is likely due to a variety of factors as the hallucinogenic effects mean that pain can be interpreted as a different sensation (i.e. a tickling sensation from a painful stimulus). <p>LSD also possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties that likely contribute to this effect.{{notetag|''It should be noted that this effect is not always consistent. Some painful sensations may even be enhanced rather than suppressed, especially when the user is in a negative headspace. Some anecdotal reports from chronic pain patients indicate that this effect can persist even after it has worn off.''}}
+*'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]]'''<ref name="Schmid2015"></ref> - LSD appears to cause the body to lose some of its ability to regulate its temperature. While usually harmless, users should be careful when taking LSD in conditions of extreme hot or cold.
+*'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]'''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Steven A.|last2=Hirsch|first2=Stuart E.|title=Extreme Hyperthermia After LSD Ingestion|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|year=1971|volume=217|issue=11|pages=1549–1550|doi=10.1001/jama.1971.03190110067020|issn=0098-7484|eissn=1538-3598|oclc=1124917}}</ref>  - Potentially dangerous states of overheating have been reported to occur in certain conditions, particularly with higher doses due to the fact that LSD raises body serotonin.{{efn|''Users are advised to monitor their core temperature and be cautious if taking LSD in hot or overcrowded outdoor environments.''}}
+*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Mild nausea is occasionally reported on moderate to high doses and either passes after the user vomits or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
+*'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]''' - The user's stamina for physical activities may be enhanced. Some users have also reported using small doses to improve athletic performance. However, this effect is generally mild compared to the effect of [[stimulants]].
+*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - LSD can suppress appetite in a manner similar to (although not as strong as) stimulants, especially for fatty foods.{{efn|''It is advised to eat a medium sized meal two to three hours before a trip to ensure one has enough energy to last through the whole trip. During the trip, the user may want to eat snacks like fruits or nuts or smoothies instead of full meals to avoid nausea and gastric discomfort.''}}
+*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' - Mild to moderate dehydration may occur. Not as extreme as with [[stimulants]] or [[opioids]].
+*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''<ref name="Schmid2015" /> - Due to the [[Effect::Vasoconstriction|vasoconstrictive]] properties of the substance, blood pressure is consequently raised.
+*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''<ref name="Schmid2015" />
+*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Muscle contractions]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Excessive yawning]]''' - Excessive yawning is frequently reported, especially during the come up phase.
+*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''<ref name="Schmid2015" /> - Anisocoria, i.e. significant difference in pupil dilation grade between the two eyes, can also be present.  In the context of hallucinogen usage, this phenomenon has been regarded as harmless.  {{Citation needed|reason=This is just generally accepted amongst the community.  Factual information may/may not be necessary.|date=March 2023}}
+*'''[[Effect::Increased salivation]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Seizure]]'''<ref name="Fisher1967">{{cite journal|last1=Fisher|first1=D. D.|last2=Ungerleider|first2=J. T.|title=Grand mal seizures following ingestion of LSD|year=1967|journal=California Medicine|volume=106|issue=3|pages=210-211|pmc=1502729|pmid=4962683|issn=0008-1264}}</ref> - Very rare but can occur in those who are predisposed to them, particularly while in physically taxing conditions such as being dehydrated, undernourished, overheated, or fatigued.
+*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - Mild to moderate. Not as intense as on [[MDMA]].
+*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - Dose-dependent, but weaker compared to [[stimulants]], [[25x-NBOMe]], or [[DOx]]. Some users report feeling cold, especially in the extremities.
-Other than accidents, acute dangers of LSD are limited to a person being unable to cope with the thoughts and feelings engendered by the trip. Sometimes people can enter confusing and frightening states, with time loops and distortions which they feel unable to deal with. This is colloquially known as a “bad trip”. Although frightening for a LSD user this is a temporary state that very rarely requires medical intervention.
+}}
+{{effects/visual|
-As with any drug LSD can exacerbate pre-existing mental health problems, including depression. Some LSD users have experienced what is clinically referred to as “LSD Psychosis”, a schizophrenic-type disorder that appears to have been triggered by the drug. However, in careful analysis of LSD psychosis patients, it appears that those who have strong family histories of major psychosis or psychopathology are more vulnerable than those who do not.
+====Enhancements====
+*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity enhancement]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]''' - Compared to other psychedelics, this effect is often reported to be brighter and more "radiant" in character.
+*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition enhancement]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Magnification]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Frame rate enhancement]]'''
-In a survey of five-thousand individuals who had used LSD a total of twenty-five-thousand times, Cohen (1960) found 1.8 psychotic episodes per thousand ingestions, 1.2 attempted suicides, and 0.4 completed suicides -- figures consistent with the those of the general population, which means that psychotic episodes could not be attributed to LSD.
+====Distortions====
+*'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' ''([[Visual drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Visual drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Visual drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Visual drifting#Flowing|flowing]])'' - Compared to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as highly detailed yet cartoon-like in its appearance. The distortions are slow and smooth in motion and fleeting in their appearance.
+*'''[[Effect::Colour shifting]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::After images]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Environmental patterning]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Recursion]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]'''
-There was a study done in 1967 which reported that LSD could cause chromosomal breakage. This has subsequently been disproved by numerous other studies.
+====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
+The visual geometry of LSD can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[2C-B]] or [[2C-I]] than [[psilocybin]], [[LSA]] or [[DMT]]. <p>It can be [[Visual_effects:_Geometry#Variations|exhaustively described]] as primarily intricate in complexity, algorithmic in form, unstructured in organization, brightly lit, colourful in scheme, synthetic in feel, multicoloured in scheme, flat in shading, sharp in edges, large in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, angular in its corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. <p>At higher doses, it tends to produce states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|Level 8A]] visual geometry over [[Level 8B]].  Very high doses saturating serotonin receptors tend to saturate one's visual perception from rainbow geometry to a white void.
+====Hallucinatory states====
+LSD is capable of producing a full range of low and high-level hallucinatory states; however, they are significantly less consistent and reproducible than that of other psychedelic tryptamines such as [[DMT]] or [[psilocybin mushrooms]]. These effects include:
-“Flashbacks” associated with hallucinogen use are often referred to in sensationalist news articles. The term refers to a transient recurrence of disturbances in perception that are reminiscent of those experienced during one or more earlier “trips”. The person must have had no recent hallucinogen use and must show no current drug toxicity. The symptoms cannot be attributable to a general medical condition and cannot be better accounted for by another mental disorder. They are otherwise referred to as “Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder”. The frequency of flashbacks is controversial with quoted figures in the literature ranging from 15-77%!
+*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Machinescapes]]''' - A rare effect that typically only occurs at very strong to heavy doses, and not as consistently as with certain psychedelics such as [[DMT]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[2C-P]], and atypical psychedelics like [[salvia]].
+*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - Although some users report that LSD is capable of producing hallucinatory states with the same intensity and vividness as [[psilocybin mushrooms]] or [[DMT]], it is much rarer and less consistent. While traditional psychedelics such as [[LSA]], [[ayahuasca]] and [[mescaline]] will induce internal hallucinations near consistently at level 5 [[Geometry|geometry]] and above, some users claim that LSD tends to go straight into [[Effect::8A Geometry|Level 8A]] visual geometry. <p>This lack of consistently induced hallucinatory breakthroughs means that for most, LSD is relatively limited in depth, at doses that do not come with excessive side effects.
+*'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')
+}}|{{effects/cognitive|
-== Producing LSD-25 ==
+*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - Some users report gaining the ability to analyze situations in novel and relatively objective ways. It is not clear if this is actually the case, or just a feeling generated by the substance.
+*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' & '''[[Effect::Paranoia]]''' - Not typically observed at low to common doses and are less likely to occur when the basic rules of [[set and setting]] are taken into account.{{notetag|''These effects are vastly more likely to occur when used with [[cannabis]].''}}
+*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' - A signature effect. LSD may allow the user to bypass normal cognitive patterns (and their associated limitations). Manifests as lateral or abstract thinking patterns.
+*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - Cognitive euphoria is limited and inconsistent compared to that of [[MDMA]], [[cocaine]], and [[opioids]]. Unlike the aforementioned substances, mental euphoria on psychedelics is "unforced", meaning it requires a pre-existing positive emotional state.
+*'''[[Effect::Euthymia]]''' - This effect manifests itself acutely for all classical psychedelics when one to three doses are combined with a psychotherapy treatment program. When comparing meta analyses, psychedelic psychotherapy greatly outperforms "gold standard" treatments for several mental health problems.
+*'''[[Effect::Introspection]]''' - Present at most doses. May occur alongside personal bias suppression.
+*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]''' - The user may feel they have the ability to analyze their lives or relationships in a more objective way. It is not clear if this is actually the case, or just a feeling generated by the substance.
+*'''[[Effect::Creativity enhancement]]''' - LSD is well-known for its ability to enhance creativity and out-of-the-box thinking. A large number of artists, musicians, scientists, and other intellectuals have used it, dating to the 1950s.<ref>Wießner I, Falchi M, Maia LO, Daldegan-Bueno D, Palhano-Fontes F, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG, Gross ME, Schooler JW, Feilding A, Ribeiro S, Araujo DB, Tófoli LF. LSD and creativity: Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking. J Psychopharmacol. 2022 Mar;36(3):348-359. doi: 10.1177/02698811211069113. Epub 2022 Feb 1. PMID: 35105186.</ref>
+*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' - Very prominent on LSD compared to other substances.
+*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - Occurs mostly on low or [[Dosage#Threshold|threshold]] dosages and feels less forced or sharp than it does with [[stimulants]].
+*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' - Very prominent on LSD compared to other substances, second only to dissociative immersion enhancement.
+*'''[[Effect::Personal meaning enhancement]]''' - The user may feel as if their experience has special meaning, which may or may not last after the trip. Appears to depend on the user's [[set and setting]].
+*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - The user's ability to experience emotion may be strongly enhanced. This is thought to contribute to its therapeutic effect. Consequently, it is advised to not take LSD when in a low or unstable mood and to follow the principles of [[set and setting]].
+*'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection and sociability enhancement]]''' - Can be prominent but also unreliable compared to MDMA. More dose-dependent; higher doses are more likely to cause introspection and social withdrawal.
+*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]''' - Mild delusions can occur at common doses. Serious, persisting delusions are typically limited to higher doses or individual susceptibility.
+*'''[[Effect::Déjà vu]]''' - Unreliable and usually at higher doses. May indicate an overdose and the beginning of [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]].
+*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - Generally inconsistent compared to [[stimulants]] and [[cannabis]]. Mild to moderate when it does occur.
+*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - Extremely prominent for many users. Likely a part of its therapeutic effect. Sublime or mystical experiences on LSD are often linked to music.
+*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' - Very common on LSD, particularly during the come up and peak phases. Users report suddenly finding mundane situations and actions inexplicably hilarious.{{notetag|''The cause is unknown, but it may be related to [[novelty enhancement]] via LSD's [[serotonin|serotonergic]] and [[dopamine|dopaminergic]] properties.''}}
+**'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]''' - Laughter fits are common, particularly during the [[Duration#Come up|come up]] phase. It can manifest as uncontrollable giggles and laughter that can form a feedback loop if around others who are also under the influence.
+*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' - Present at all dose levels past low-common. Stronger than [[phenethylamines]] like [[mescaline]] or [[2C-B]] but weaker than tryptamines like [[psilocybin]] or [[DMT]].
+**'''[[Effect::Ego loss]]''' - A signature effect. May be accompanied by [[euphoria]] or [[cognitive dysphoria|dysphoria]] depending on [[set and setting]]. Also accompanied by [[time distortion]] and potentially [[thought loops]].
+*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' - LSD produces stimulant-like motivation enhancement at low and microdoses, although in a much less prominent or reliable manner.
+*'''[[Effect::Multiple thought streams]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Ego replacement]]''' - Ego replacement is very rare and occurs in an unpredictable manner. This effect usually coincides with [[delusions]] and may indicate the beginnings of [[psychosis]]. It is more likely to occur with high doses.
+*'''[[Effect::Personality regression]]''' - True personality regression on LSD is very rare. More commonly, it takes the milder form of the user having strong feelings of early childhood, including repressed memories.
+*'''[[Effect::Simultaneous emotions]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Suggestibility enhancement]]''' - Suggestibility to external influences may be strongly enhanced. While potentially beneficial for psychotherapy, this property can be abused by nefarious individuals (e.g. cult leaders). Users are advised to be discerning about who they take LSD with.
+*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]''' - A signature effect. Thoughts may feel more fluid and interconnected than usual. May occur alongside [[conceptual thinking]] and [[creativity enhancement]].
+*'''[[Effect::Thought loops]]''' - Typically occurs at higher doses, and at the peak of the experience. Often accompanied by [[ego loss]]. This effect may become exacerbated or triggered by cannabis or stimulants.
+*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - A signature effect. The user's perception of time may be strongly altered. Typically takes the form of time dilation, or the experience of time slowing down and passing much slower than it does while sober.
+*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' - Users report that it is difficult or impossible to go to sleep for up to 10 hours (or more) after LSD ingestion.
+*'''[[Effect::Addiction suppression]]'''<ref name="krebs">{{cite journal|last1=Krebs|first1=T. S.|last2=Johansen|first2=P. Ø.|title=Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|year=2012|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=26|issue=7|pages=994-1002|doi=10.1177/0269881112439253|pmid=22406913|issn=0269-8811|eissn=1461-7285|oclc=19962867}}</ref> - Some research suggests LSD can be used to treat addiction. Anecdotally, many users report that psychedelics are helpful for this purpose.
+}}
+{{effects/auditory|
-The Tryptamine class of chemicals includes both naturally occurring, synthetic, and semi-synthetic drugs built on the base skeleton “Tryptamine”. The important structural distinction of the tryptamine class of chemicals is their approximation to the neurotransmitter serotonin. These drugs are mostly of the type commonly referred to as hallucinogens. Some of the drugs included in this class are the ubiquitous LSD, the less well-known but very powerful drug DMT, the active chemical in psychedelic mushrooms psilocybin, and a host of other drugs. Most of these drugs and their various structural isomers were given center stage in Shulgin’s book Tihkal (Tryptamines I Have Known And Loved), which chronicles both the synthesis and effects of a variety of tryptamine drugs.
+*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement]]''' - Some users report an enhanced sense of hearing on LSD. However, there is currently no clinical evidence supporting this claim.
+*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion]]''' - Sounds may appear "tinny" or "alien". More likely at higher doses.  Certain subjective reports mention <i>flanging, delays/echoing, reverb</i>-like effects, similar to those found in music.
+*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucination]]''' - Typically present at higher doses. Not as common as visual hallucinations, but may occur alongside them.
-The tryptamines, like most other drugs, are often easily synthesized when the appropriate direct precursor is readily available. In most cases this is, unfortunately, not a reality. As a result the synthesis can become a laborious process. One of the tryptamines, namely LSD, is one of the most misunderstood of the synthetic drugs. The synthesis of LSD is surrounded by as much legend and myth as with reality. The chemical lysergic acid diethylamide is actually not as difficult to synthesize as most of the folklore suggests. The synthesis is beyond the abilities of most dope “cooks”, that sorry breed which strives only for a “recipe” for a drug, with no desire to learn about what they are actually doing, and no appreciation for the art of synthesis. Yet the production of LSD is only a moderately difficult task for an average chemist.
+}}
+{{effects/multisensory|
-Other naturally occurring tryptamine drugs are also of great interest. These include [[DMT]], [[5-MeO-DMT]], [[Psilocybin]], Psilocin, harmaline and harmine, and ibogaine. While most of these drugs are commonly and easily extracted from plant material, their direct and total syntheses are also exceedingly interesting. The chemical psilocybin is one of the most common hallucinogens available throughout the world, and has been used by various cultures in spiritual and religious ceremonies throughout the centuries. [[DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]] share the second distinction with psilocybin, though they are far rarer as street drugs. The second has been available as a “research chemical”, and as a result is far more common than its parent drug DMT.
+*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]''' - True synesthesia is rare and non-reproducible, although users often describe the feeling of being able to "hear colors" and "see sounds". Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of occurrence, but seems to primarily occur in those who are already predisposed to synesthetic states.
+}}
+{{effects/transpersonal|
+Transpersonal states are frequently reported at common to high doses of LSD. They appear to be stronger than most phenethylamines (e.g. [[mescaline]], [[2C-B]]) but weaker than tryptamines (e.g. [[psilocybin]], [[DMT]]). Strongly dependent on [[set and setting]].
+*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]'''
-[[Ibogaine]], [[Bufotenin]] & [[Harmaline]]
+}}
+}}
+===Combination effects===
-[[Psilocybin]] & [[Psilocin]]
+*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol's [[depressant]] effects can be used to reduce some of the [[anxiety]] and [[muscle tension]] produced by LSD. However, alcohol can also cause [[dehydration]], [[nausea]], and [[physical fatigue]], which can negatively impact the user's mindset (set). Users are advised to pace themselves and drink only a portion of their usual amount if drinking on LSD.
+*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Benzodiazepines are highly effective at reducing the intensity of LSD's cognitive and visual effects via inhibition of brain electrical activity.
+*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - LSD enhances the cognitive, visual and general hallucinatory effects of dissociatives. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] and [[internal hallucinations]] become more vivid and intense on LSD. These effects correspond with an increased risk of [[confusion]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]].
+*'''[[MDMA]]''' - LSD synergistically enhances the physical, cognitive, and visual effects of MDMA. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable and so it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for either individually. There is some evidence that suggests LSD can increase the neurotoxicity of MDMA.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=B. D.|last2=Paik|first2=E.|last3=Chhith|first3=S.|last4=Lelievre|first4=V.|last5=Waschek|first5=J. A.|last6=Howard|first6=S. G.|year=2004|title=Potentiation of (DL)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptior partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939|journal=Neuroscience Research Communications|volume=35|issue=2|pages=83-95|doi=10.1002/nrc.20023|eissn=1520-6769}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gudelsky|first1=Gary A.|last2=Yamamoto|first2=Bryan|last3=Nash|first3=J. Frank|year=1994|title=Potentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=264|issue=3|pages=325-330|doi=10.1016/0014-2999(94)90669-6|issn=0014-2999|eissn=1879-0712|oclc=01568459}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Capela|first1=J. P.|last2=Fernandes|first2=E.|last3=Remião|first3=F.|last4=Bastos|first4=M. L.|last5=Meisel|first5=A.|last6=Carvalho|first6=F.|year=2007|title=Ecstasy induces apoptosis via 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>-receptor stimulation in cortical neurons|journal=NeuroToxicology|volume=28|issue=4|pages=868-875|pmid=17572501|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2007.04.005|issn=0161-813X}}</ref>
+*'''[[Antidepressants]]''' and '''[[antipsychotics]]''' may block the effect of LSD by acting on the same receptors and outcompeting its ability to bind. Antidepressants [[mirtazapine]] and [[trazodone]] act on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors where they block serotonin and other molecules from binding.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=11607047|pmc=6494141|title=A Review of the Pharmacological and Clinical Profile of Mirtazapine|doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x|year=2001|volume=7|issue=3|pages=249–264|journal=CNS Drug Reviews|issn=1755-5930|eissn=1755-5949|oclc=221972947|first1=S. A. K.|last1=Anttila|first2=E. V. J.|last2=Leinonen}}</ref> Atypical antipsychotics also act on these receptors in order to decrease hallucinations and cognitive distortion.
-A class of almost purely hallucinogenic drugs, the tryptamines are revered, and in some cases considered almost sacred, chemicals. The synthesis of LSD will likely remain the most sought after “holy grail” of most enterprising street chemists. The synthesis of a host of the other before mentioned chemicals will make a welcome addition to the repertoire of any dedicated drug chemist. These syntheses, as well as the syntheses of a variety of other tryptamine drugs, are available in our links pages. Remember, as always, to make sure that you understand the legal status of the various chemicals, as well as the reality of the repercussions for violating laws pertaining to these chemicals, before considering taking any action toward the synthesis of any of these drugs. Stay safe, and free.
+===Experience reports===
+{{Experience reports|erowid_experience_substance_label=LSD}}
+==Forms==
+LSD is typically distributed in various forms for [[oral]] or [[sublingual]] administration, with blotter paper being the most common:
-== Forms of LSD-25 ==
+*'''Blotters''' are typically small squares pulled off sheets of perforated blotting paper that have been dipped into an LSD & alcohol solution. These squares may be swallowed, chewed, or held sublingually. ''Note: chewing blotters should not result in a bitter metallic taste as this can indicate the presence of a [[25x-NBOMe]] or [[DOx]] compound ([[LSD#Toxicity and harm potential#Mimics ("Fake acid")|see here]] for more information).''
+*'''Liquid solutions''' are often found in vials with a pipette. This form is often dropped directly into the mouth or tongue. It may also be dropped onto individual sugar cubes or candy before consumption.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Los Angeles Times|title=Long LSD Prison Terms--It’s All in the Packaging : Drugs: Law can mean decades in prison for minuscule amounts. DEA official says no change is needed.|author=Jim Newton|date=July 27, 1992|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-07-27-mn-4335-story.html|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref>
+*'''Tablets''' & '''microdots''' are very small tablets which can be chewed or swallowed.
+*'''Powder''' can, in theory, be administered orally, sublingually, or via insufflation or injection. However, LSD is rarely encountered or taken in this way in practice due to its incredible potency. It is almost always diluted into a liquid solution or 'laid' onto blotter paper to allow for more accurate and consistent dosing.
+*'''Gel tabs''' can be taken orally and are small pieces of gelatin which contain LSD. These are less common now than in the past, but are still occasionally present in some areas of the world.
-In its pure form LSD is a white, odourless crystalline powder that is soluble in water.
+<gallery>
+px-10 strip.jpg|Blotters
+Lsd_bottle1.jpg|Liquid solution
+Lsd_microdots3.jpg|Microdots
+Lsd_geltab4.jpg|Gel tabs
+</gallery>
-LSD comes in a variety of forms, but is virtually always taken orally. LSD is most commonly found as small squares of paper called blotter (full sheets of paper are decorated with artwork, perforated, then soaked in liquid LSD solution and dried). The blotter is generally divided into small squares. Each square (approx ¼ inches) represents a LSD dose or hit. Recent testing data shows that this usually varies from 20-80 µg LSD. This is considerably less than the levels reported during the 1960s and early 1970s (when LSD was more commonly available in pill form) when the dosage of LSD ranged from 100 to 200 micrograms, or higher.
+==Research==
+===Alcoholism===
+Some studies in the 1960s that investigated LSD as a treatment for alcoholism found reduced levels of alcohol misuse in almost 60% of those treated, an effect which lasted six months but disappeared after a year.<ref name="krebs"></ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Maclean|first1=J. R.|last2=Macdonald|first2=D. C.|last3=Odgen|first3=F.|last4=Wilby|first4=E.|title=The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism|chapter=LSD-25 and Mescaline as Therapeutic Adjuvants: Experience from a Seven Year Study|location=New York|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|editor-last=Abramson|editor-first=H. A.|pages=74-80|year=1967|oclc=302168|url=https://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/ad/abramson-the-use-of-lsd-in-psychotherapy-and-alcoholism.pdf}}</ref><ref name="krebs"></ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoffer|first1=A.|title=The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism|chapter=A Program for the Treatment of Alcoholism: LSD, Malvaria and Nicotinic Acid|location=New York|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|editor-last=Abramson|editor-first=H. A.|pages=353–402|year=1967|oclc=302168|url=https://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/ad/abramson-the-use-of-lsd-in-psychotherapy-and-alcoholism.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mangini|first=Mariavittoria|title=Treatment of Alcoholism Using Psychedelic Drugs: A Review of the Program of Research|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=30|issue=4|pages=381-418|year=1998|doi=10.1080/02791072.1998.10399714|issn=0279-1072|eissn=2159-9777}}</ref>
-There is no practical way of knowing the exact dose of LSD without knowing the chemist who dipped the blotter. Adjacent tabs will usually contain very similar levels of LSD
+A 2012 meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found evidence that a single dose of LSD in conjunction with various alcoholism treatment programs was associated with a decrease in alcohol abuse, lasting for several months.<ref name="krebs"></ref>
-Other forms of LSD include small pills (microdots), gelatine sheets (window pane), liquid, which can be dropped onto sugar cubes, and powder. There is little testing data on these forms of LSD, although some reports put the average microdot at 50mcg LSD and the average window pane at 50-150mcg LSD. Liquid LSD is uncommon and is generally (but not always) diluted to ensure that 1 drop equals 1 dose.
+LSD is also sometimes self-administered in a non-medical environment for overcoming addiction.
-LSD is degraded by exposure to heat, light, oxygen and moisture. Optimal storage conditions exclude these. Recommended is wrapping in tin-foil to exclude light, storing in an air tight container with a desiccant bag and then in the freezer.
+===Trauma-related pain===
+LSD was studied in the 1960s by Eric Kast as an [[analgesic]] for acute and chronic pain caused by cancer or other major trauma.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kast|first=Eric|year=1967|title=Attenuation of anticipation: A therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide|journal=Psychiatric Quarterly|volume=41|issue=4|pages=646–657|doi=10.1007/BF01575629|issn=0033-2720|eissn=1573-6709|oclc=01715671}}</ref> Even at low (i.e. sub-psychedelic) dosages, it was found to be at least as effective as traditional [[opiates]], while being much longer lasting in pain reduction (lasting as long as a week after peak effects had subsided).
-Orange Sunshine and The Brotherhood of Eternal Love
+Kast attributed this effect to a decrease in [[anxiety]]; that is to say that patients were not experiencing ''less'' pain, but rather were ''less distressed by'' the pain they experienced. This purported effect is being tested using a similar psychedelic substance, in an ongoing (as of 2006) study of the effects of [[psilocin]] on [[anxiety]] in terminal cancer patients.{{citation needed}}
-In 1966 a biker gang from California, lead by “Farmer” John Griggs held up a Hollywood producer at gunpoint and stole his stash of Sandoz LSD. After taking the acid they appear to have experienced some sort of epiphany, and began to experiment with psychedelics and mysticism. In the summer of 1966, John Griggs travelled to Millbrook and met Timothy Leary who urged Griggs to form his own church.
+===Cluster headaches===
+LSD has been used as a treatment for cluster headaches, an uncommon but extremely painful disorder.
-The Brotherhood of Eternal Love, consisting of 30 original members was formally established in October 1966, 10 days after LSD was made illegal in California. The groups stated objective was: “to bring the world to a greater awareness of God through the teachings of Jesus Christ, Buddha, Ramakrishna, Babaji, Paramahansa Yogananda, Mahatma Ghandi, and all true prophets and apostles of God, and to spread the love and wisdom of these great teachers to all men… We believe this church to be the earthly instrument of God’s Will. We believe in the sacred right of each individual to commune with God in spirit and in truth as it is empirically revealed to him”.
+Although the phenomenon has not been fully investigated, case reports suggest that LSD and [[psilocin]] can reduce cluster pain and also interrupt the cluster-headache cycle, preventing future headaches from occurring. Currently existing treatments include various tryptamines among other chemicals, so LSD's efficacy in this regard may not be surprising.
-As part of this new religion, LSD was used as a communal sacrament. To support the emerging religion they opened a shop, selling “hippie paraphernalia” in Laguna Beach, California. However the shop did not provide the necessary income for its intended purpose, which was to purchase land for the church.
+A dose-response study testing the effectiveness of both LSD and psilocin was planned at McLean Hospital, although the current status of this project is unclear. A 2006 study by McLean researchers interviewed 53 cluster headache sufferers who treated themselves with either LSD or [[psilocin]], finding that a majority of users of either drug reported beneficial effects.<ref name="Sewell2006">{{cite journal|last1=Sewell|first1=R. A.|last2=Halpern|first2=J. H.|last3=Pope|first3=H. G.|title=Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD |year=2006|journal=Neurology|volume=66|issue=12|pages=1920-1922|issn=0028-3878|eissn=1526-632X|oclc=960771045|doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000219761.05466.43}}</ref>
-Subsequently the Brotherhood started dealing drugs: Initially they smuggled Marijuana from Mexico, however over a few years they developed a smuggling and distribution network that reached to Afghanistan. They also sold LSD produced by Owsley in San Francisco.
+Unlike the use of LSD or [[MDMA]] in psychotherapy, this research involves non-psychological effects and often sub-psychedelic dosages.<ref>{{cite web|title=LSD and Psilocybin Research: Research into psilocybin and LSD as potential treatments for people with cluster headaches|publisher=Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies|url=http://www.maps.org/research/cluster/psilo-lsd/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129094555/http://www.maps.org:80/research/cluster/psilo-lsd/#cluster|archive-date=January 29, 2007|access-date=January 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sewell2006"></ref>
-In late 1967 Owsley was arrested and supplies of LSD dried up. The Brotherhood made contact with Owsley’s former assistant Tim Scully in 1968, along with another chemist, Nick Sand who had previously served as chemist to Arthur Kleps’ Neo-American BooHoo Church. By June 1969 Sand and Scully had produced an estimated 10 million doses of high quality LSD.
+===End-of-life anxiety===
+From 2008 to 2011 there was ongoing research in Switzerland into using LSD to alleviate anxiety for terminally ill cancer patients coping with their impending deaths. Preliminary results of the study are promising, and no negative effects have been reported.<ref>{{cite news|title= Psychiater Gasser bricht sein Schweigen|publisher=Basler Zeitung|date=July 28, 2009|author=dvp|url=https://www.bazonline.ch/wissen/medizin-und-psychologie/Psychiater-Gasser-bricht-sein-Schweigen/story/25732295|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902094708/https://www.bazonline.ch/wissen/medizin-und-psychologie/Psychiater-Gasser-bricht-sein-Schweigen/story/25732295|archive-date=September 2, 2014|access-date=January 6, 2020|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Landmark Clinical LSD Study Nears Completion|author=David Jay Brown|publisher=Patch|date=May 26, 2011|access-date=January 6, 2020|url=https://patch.com/california/santacruz/landmark-clinical-lsd-study-nears-completion}}</ref>
-In the summer of 1969, at a rock concert in Anaheim a member of the Brotherhood appeared wearing a T-Shirt reading “Orange Sunshine Express” scattering pills of Sand and Scully’s LSD around him. “Orange Sunshine” was born. It is estimated that 100,000 doses of LSD were given away that day.
+===Neuroplasticity===
+A 2018 study demonstrated neuroplasticity induced by LSD and other psychedelics through TrkB, mTOR, and [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]] signaling.<ref name="LyGreb2018">{{cite journal|last1=Ly|first1=Calvin|last2=Greb|first2=Alexandra C.|last3=Cameron|first3=Lindsay P.|last4=Wong|first4=Jonathan M.|last5=Barragan|first5=Eden V.|last6=Wilson|first6=Paige C.|last7=Burbach|first7=Kyle F.|last8=Soltanzadeh Zarandi|first8=Sina|last9=Sood|first9=Alexander|last10=Paddy|first10=Michael R.|last11=Duim|first11=Whitney C.|last12=Dennis|first12=Megan Y.|last13=McAllister|first13=A. Kimberley|last14=Ori-McKenney|first14=Kassandra M.|last15=Gray|first15=John A.|last16=Olson|first16=David E.|title=Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity|journal=Cell Reports|volume=23|issue=11|year=2018|pages=3170–3182|issn=22111247|doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022}}</ref>
-Orange Sunshine quickly reached mythical status: Timothy Leary (who had moved to the West Coast following the disintegration of the Millbrook community in 1967) endorsed Orange Sunshine over other brands of acid and gave public lectures on the theme of “Deal for Real: The Dealer as Robin Hood”, claiming that psychedelic drug users had an obligation to distribute drugs, to pay tribute to brotherhoods, or groups of men. It was said that Orange Sunshine was different to other LSD because of cosmic influences and special karma. It was put forward that it was not just selling drugs but enabling people’s existence and spiritual development.
+==Reagent results==
+Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test.
+{| class="wikitable"
+!Marquis
+!Mecke
+!Mandelin
+!Liebermann
+!Froehde
+!Robadope
+!Ehrlich
+!Hofmann
+!Simon's
+|-
+|No reaction
+|No reaction
+|No reaction
+|No reaction
+|No reaction
+|No reaction
+|Pink - Purple - Blueish (slow)
+|Blue
+|No reaction
+|}
-In the late 60’s and early 70’s Orange Sunshine spread worldwide, reaching Goa, Nepal, Indonesia, Vietnam, Israel and Mecca. The Brotherhood had developed a reputation as spiritual crusaders.
+==Toxicity and harm potential==
+{{Further|Responsible use#Hallucinogens}}
+[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. LSD was found to be the 18th overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]]
+[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|315px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of LSD<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nutt|first1=D.|last2=King|first2=L. A.|last3=Saulsbury|first3=W.|last4=Blakemore|first4=C.|title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse|journal=Health Policy|issn=0168-8510|eissn=1872-6054|oclc=10960514|pmid=17382831|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4|volume=369|issue=9566|pages=1047-1053|year=2007}}</ref>]]
-However by the summer of 1969 cracks were starting to appear: Griggs died after an overdose of PCP and a teenage friend of Timothy Leary’s daughter was found drowned in a pond at the Brotherhood commune with traces of LSD in her system. Members of the Brotherhood were jailed on marijuana charges. After Griggs’ death the approach to distribution became more competitive and less focused on the founding sentiments of the church. Additionally, the supply of Orange Sunshine LSD was dwindling and they had lost their contacts for raw materials.
+Numerous studies have found that LSD is physiologically well-tolerated and has an [[Toxicity::extremely low toxicity relative to dose]]. There is no evidence for long-lasting effects on the brain or other organs and there are no documented deaths attributed to the direct effects of LSD toxicity.<ref name="hallucinogens">{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=David E.|author-link=David E. Nichols|year=2004|title=Hallucinogens|journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=101|issue=2|pages=131-181|doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002|issn=0163-7258|eissn=1879-016X|oclc=04981366}}</ref>
-Scully left the Brotherhood in 1969, shortly after a man named Ronald Stark appeared at the Brotherhood Ranch. Stark became the Brotherhoods chemist, producing an estimated 20kg of LSD between 1969 and 1971. He also subsequently became its banker, channelling money through a bank which had originally been set up by the CIA, as a front for covert narcotics and money laundering operations. Stark was a mysterious figure, with worldwide contacts, he claimed to know spies and was suspected of being involved with the CIA (and the project later to be revealed as MK-ULTRA). In 1971 he shut down his European LSD manufacturing operation, having claimed to have been “tipped off”.
+However, it is worth noting that while LSD as a chemical may not be capable of causing direct bodily toxicity or death, its improper use can still present serious hazards.
-In 1972 the Brotherhood was busted, and Stark ended up with most of the Brotherhood’s property and money in his name. This was shortly after The Weathermen aided Timothy Leary in his escape from jail (with funds provided by the Brotherhood).
+For example, it has the potential to strongly impair the user's judgment and attention span, which may promote erratic or dangerous behaviors. In extreme cases, the user may experience powerful [[delusions]] e.g. that they are currently inside of a dream and therefore physically invincible, or that they are being persecuted by malevolent entities. This may prompt them to jump off of a building or a cliff, or run into oncoming traffic.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref>
-Stark was jailed in Italy in 1975, and received several visitors from the US and British consulates. He was freed in 1979.
+Additionally, extreme negative reactions and psychotic episodes (i.e. [[bad trips|"bad trips"]]) can cause lasting psychological trauma if not properly managed or treated afterward. Extreme negative reactions are uncommon, but are more likely to happen in non-[[trip sitter|supervised settings]] and/or with higher doses (i.e. exceeding the "common" range).
-For further info: “Acid Dreams: the Complete Social History of LSD, the CIA, the Sixties and Beyond” Martin Lee and Bruce Schlain.
+Finally, it should be noted that evidence of LSD's effectiveness as a mental health treatment only applies to the controlled procedures used in clinical settings. LSD alone is not considered the treatment because the current evidence suggests it must be combined with professional psychotherapy to produce lasting therapeutic effects.
+Without the appropriate safeguards, attempts at self-medicating with LSD may actually worsen mental health issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://drugscience.org.uk/drug-information/lsd/#048630551458760|work=LSD|title=Does LSD have any medical uses?|publisher=Drug Science|access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref>
-== Blotter Art ==
+'''It is strongly advised to use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. These include:'''
-From the mid 1970’s blotter has been the most available form of LSD. There are likely two main reasons for this: Firstly, after LSD was made illegal in the US (in 1967) mandatory minimum sentencing was introduced. Sentences were determined by the weight of the substance with which offenders were caught. If someone had LSD on a sugar cube weighing 1g then the sentence was the same as for an individual caught with 1g of crystal LSD (representing approx 10,000 LSD doses rather than just 1)! . The move to lightweight LSD blotter therefore reduced sentences. Secondly: There were many high profile busts in the late 60’s and early 70’s, during which pill presses were seized, LSD blotter was therefore more convenient for many to make.
+*Taking the substance under the supervision of a [[tripsitter]] for one's first time or while experimenting with a higher dose
+*Starting off with a dose in the low-common range and monitoring for unusual reactions (e.g. [[mania]], [[delusions]]) or sensitivity
+*Not exceeding the listed [[heavy dose]]. If heavy doses are required, a tolerance break is advised instead. Heavy doses greatly increase the risk of negative effects
+*Using a [[reagent testing kit]] to verify the substance is genuine LSD and not a dangerous counterfeit
+*Keeping a supply of [[benzodiazepines]] or [[antipsychotics]] (e.g. ''[[Seroquel]]'') to abort the trip in the case of overwhelming anxiety or psychosis
-Over the years “Blotter Art” has developed as a field in its own right, with images ranging from multiple repeats (so each trip has a complete image), to complex images spanning a whole sheet. Images have typically been psychedelic in nature, or relied heavily on cartoon images. Occult and religious symbols have also been widely used. There is also a distinct sub-category of satirical Blotter Art, including images such as “Gorby” and “FBI”. This imagery originally served as an identifier of different batches of LSD, a form of “trademark”.
+===Psychosis and mental disorder risk===
+LSD can exacerbate symptoms (e.g. [[delusions]], [[mania]], [[psychosis]]) of various mental disorders. Specifically, <span style="color:#ff0000">'''it can precipitate the early onset of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals.'''<ref name="hallucinogens" />
-There are distinctions within Blotter Art. Some iconic images have been circulating since the 70’s (Eg: Hofmann’s, Eye of Horus, Knights of Malta) other art work is dubbed “Vanity Blotter Art”. This is art as a collectible and has never been dipped.
+<span style="color:#ff0000">Those with a personal or family history of mental disorders, particularly psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, should not use LSD without consulting a qualified medical professional.
-The original collector and originator of the scene is Mark McCloud, a San Francisco artist (and former Art Professor). Initially his collection was based on street prints, which have subsequently been exposed to UV light to destroy the LSD. In 2000 McCloud was charged with “conspiracy to manufacture and distribute LSD”. The [[DEA]] claimed that having 30,000 Blotter Art sheets in his possession meant that he was supplying chemists and wholesalers. This was his second arrest (the first was in 1991). In both cases he was acquitted. It is estimated that he spent more than half a million dollars on his defence.
+===Dependence and abuse potential===
+Like other [[serotonergic psychedelics]], LSD is considered to be [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low abuse potential]].<ref name="hallucinogens" /> Notably, there are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer a serotonergic psychedelic, which is predictive of abuse liability, indicating that it does not have the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence.<ref name="hallucinogens" /> Additionally, there is no human clinical evidence that LSD can cause addiction.
-It is important to realise that although Blotter Art is now un-dipped, selling it (or giving it away) and claiming it contains LSD is STILL an offence.
+There is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when chronic use is stopped.<ref name="balestrieri">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Balestrieri, A.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Acquired and Crossed Tolerance to Mescaline, LSD-25, and BOL-148 | volume=1 | issue=3 | pages=279 | date=1 September 1959 | url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1959.03590030063008 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1959.03590030063008}}</ref> In one study, morphine addicts administered LSD regularly for weeks did not recognize when the drug was exchanged for a placebo and experienced no withdrawal symptoms.<ref name="isbell">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Isbell, H.)) | journal=A.M.A. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry | title=Studies on Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): 1. Effects in Former Morphine Addicts and Development of Tolerance During Chronic Intoxication | volume=76 | issue=5 | pages=468 | date=1 November 1956 | url=http://archneurpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archneurpsyc.1956.02330290012002 | issn=0096-6886 | doi=10.1001/archneurpsyc.1956.02330290012002}}</ref>
-Blotter Art can reach high prices, particularly when signed by prominent figures from the psychedelic movement. In 2004 MAPS (the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies) received almost $20,000 as a result of sales of Blotter Art signed by [[Albert Hofmann]].
+====Tolerance====
-As a result of the growing popularity of the art-form, and high prices generated, Blotter Art is sometimes counterfeited. Another concern is the reproduction of copyrighted images without the consent of the artists.
+LSD exhibits significant [[wikipedia:tachyphylaxis|tachyphylaxis]]; i.e., tolerance to its effects forms [[Time to full tolerance:: almost immediately after ingestion]]; i.e., in as little as three hours.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Freedman, D. X.)) | veditors=((Jacobs, B. L.)) | date= 1984 | chapter=LSD: the bridge from human to animal | title=Hallucinogens, neurochemical, behavioral, and clinical perspectives | publisher=Raven Press | series=Central nervous system pharmacology series | isbn=9780890049907}}</ref> Human studies from the 1950s and 60s, when LSD was still legal in the United States, found that tolerance to LSD's effects "requires 3-4 days of daily administration to reach near-maximum levels and [[Time to zero tolerance:: 5 days]] of abstinence to completely reverse."<ref name="Buchborn">{{cite book | vauthors=((Buchborn, T.)), ((Grecksch, G.)), ((Dieterich, D. C.)), ((Höllt, V.)) | date= 2016 | chapter=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse | title=Tolerance to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide | publisher=Elsevier | pages=846–858 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128002124000790 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00079-0 | isbn=9780128002124}}</ref>
-'''Famous Blotter Art artists include: Mark McCloud, Thomas Lyttle, Stevee Postman. Alex Grey’s images also often appear.'''
+Some anecdotal reports suggest that extremely high doses of LSD can produce a tolerance that can last subsequently longer, anywhere from weeks to months, and that high doses of LSD, along with high tolerances, can produce unusual variations in LSD's intensity, duration, and effects.
-*www.blotterart.net Erowid LSD blotter galery
+LSD also exhibits cross-tolerance with [[cross-tolerance:: all [[psychedelics]]]], meaning that after the use of LSD, all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
-== Legal Status of LSD-25 ==
+===Overdose===
+Unlike other highly prohibited psychoactive substances, LSD has no known toxic dose; it is effectively impossible to physically overdose on. However, higher doses increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions such as [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[panic attacks]], [[delusions]], [[psychosis]], and, in rare cases, [[seizures]].
+Medical attention is usually not needed except in the case of severe psychotic episodes or the suspected ingestion of so-called "fake acid", substances that mimics LSD's effects but carry the risk of physical toxicity and overdose (e.g. [[25x-NBOMe]] or [[DOx]]).
-The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (adopted in 1971) requires its parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, LSD is illegal in all parties to the convention. The convention came into force on August 16th 1976. Currently 175 nations are party to this treaty
+[[Benzodiazepines]] (e.g. [[diazepam]] (''Valium''), [[alprazolam]] (''Xanax'')) can help to relieve the acute negative psychological effects of LSD. [[Antipsychotics]] such as [[quetiapine]] (''Seroquel'') may also be used, although they have more after-effects and potential interactions. [[Alcohol]] can also be used as a last resort, but is generally considered to be less effective than other tripkillers, and is sometimes associated with negative interactions.
-In the US: LSD is a schedule I substance. It is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess or distribute LSD without a DEA License. LSD is deemed to be schedule I because it meets the following criteria: LSD is thought to have a high potential for abuse; LSD has no legitimate medical use in treatment; and there is a lack of accepted safety for LSD’s use under medical supervision. (LSD prohibition does not make an exception for religious use.) Lysergic acid and lysergic acid amide, LSD precursors, are both classified in Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act. Ergotamine tartrate, a precursor to lysergic acid, is regulated under the Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act.
+===Mimics ("Fake acid")===
+The high chemical potency allows LSD to be infused ("laid") onto blotter paper for street distribution. It is sometimes counterfeited by certain other [[psychedelics]] that also happen to be potent enough to be laid onto blotter paper (while also being cheaper). Colloquially known as "fake acid" or "bunk acid", the most common adulterant historically is the [[DOx]] series, although in recent years the [[25x-NBOMe]] series has become highly prevalent.
-In the UK: LSD is a Schedule I/Class A drug. It is illegal to buy, sell or possess LSD without a Home Office issued license.
+Unlike unadulterated LSD blotters, which are usually only mildly bitter or slightly metallic as a byproduct of the blotter paper's ink, mimics are described as having a "metallic", "numbing", "chemical-like", or "extremely bitter or sour" taste. It is advised to immediately spit out any blotters that have a strong bitter taste that exceeds a reasonable level.
-In Canada: LSD is a Schedule III substance: Without authorization, it is illegal for anyone but the police to be in possession of LSD. Authorization is granted only to qualified laboratory and research personnel conducting approved clinical and experimental investigations. Possession of such a substance has a recommended sentence on indictment of 3 years. Trafficking: 10 years. Importation/Exportation: 10 years. Production: 10 years.
+However, it is important to note that taste testing is not sufficient to fully protect against mimics. Instead, one should always attempt to test their LSD using a [[Responsible drug use#Reagent testing kit|reagent test kit]]. Testing kits are considered vital because the common mimics have significantly worse safety profiles than LSD, including the risk of physical overdose and death.{{citation needed}}
-LSD is controlled and illegal to possess without a license in Russia. There have been news reports recently which hint at a possible change in the law.
+===Hallucinogen-perception persisting disorder (HPPD)===
+{{Further|Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder}}
+In rare cases, LSD may trigger [[hallucinogen persisting perception disorder]] (HPPD) in some individuals.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/hppd.review.pdf|first1=J. H.|last1=Halpern|first2=H. G.|last2=Pope Jr|title=Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we know after 50 years?|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=69|year=2003|pages=109-119|issue=2|doi=10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00306-X|pmid=12609692|issn=0376-8716}}</ref> The cause is unclear; however, explanations in terms of LSD physically remaining in the body for months or years after consumption have been discounted by experimental evidence.
-Australia: The cultivation, manufacture, possession, use and supply of hallucinogens is illegal throughout Australia as is their importation. Drug laws in Australia distinguish between those who use/possess hallucinogens and those who produce/traffic.
+Some say HPPD is a manifestation of post-traumatic stress disorder, not related to the direct action of LSD on brain chemistry, and varies according to the susceptibility of the individual to the disorder.<ref>{{Citation | title=Lysergic acid diethylamide | url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB04829}}</ref>
-New Zealand: LSD is a schedule I/Class A drug. As such it is deemed to be: “A drug which poses a very high risk of harm”.
+==='''Interactions'''===
-Germany: In Germany, LSD was banned in 1967 according to the regulations of the opium law. Today, LSD is listed among the not marketable and not prescribable substances of the anaesthetic law, which means all contact and association with the drug is forbidden for the public.
+====Dangerous interactions====
+{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
-== History of LSD ==
+*'''[[DangerousInteraction::Lithium]]''':<ref name="ErowidInteraction"></ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Nayak, S.)), ((Gukasyan, N.)), ((Barrett, F. S.)), ((Erowid, E.)), ((Erowid, F.)), ((Griffiths, R. R.)) | year=2021 | title=Classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium, but not lamotrigine, is associated with seizures: an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports | publisher=PsyArXiv | url=https://osf.io/r726d}}</ref> Lithium is commonly prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder; however, there is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics can significantly increase the risk of [[psychosis]] and [[seizures]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=83935|title=A Nice Little Trip to the Hospital: Lithium & LSD|author=<nowiki>&quot;wanderlei&quot;</nowiki>|publisher=Erowid|publication-date=October 3, 2010|access-date=January 7, 2020|id=ExpID: 83935|work=Erowid Experience Vaults}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=75153|title=Having a Seizure and Passing Out: Lithium & LSD|author=<nowiki>&quot;MissDja1a&quot;</nowiki>|publisher=Erowid|publication-date=December 16, 2008|access-date=January 7, 2020|id=ExpID: 75153|work=Erowid Experience Vaults}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Psychonaut/comments/17uspp/please_read_a_cautionary_tale_concerning_lsd|title=Please Read: a cautionary tale concerning LSD|author=<nowiki>&quot;throwaway_naut&quot;</nowiki>|publisher=Reddit|work=r/Psychonaut|year=2014|access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> As a result, this combination should be '''strictly avoided'''.
+*'''[[UnsafeInteraction::Tricyclic antidepressants]]''':<ref name="ErowidInteraction"></ref> Tricyclic antidepressants increase physical, hallucinatory and psychological responses to LSD.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bonson|first1=Katherine R.|last2=Murphy|first2=Dennis L.|title=Alterations in responses to LSD in humans associated with chronic administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors or lithium|year=1995|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=73|issue=1-2|pages=229-233|doi=10.1016/0166-4328(96)00102-7|issn=0166-4328|eissn=1872-7549|oclc=06183451|pmid= 8788508}}</ref> Anecdotal evidence suggests that TCAs increase the risk of [[bad trips]] and [[psychosis]] when combined with LSD. Since the symptoms are similar to those induced by lithium and LSD, [[seizures]] cannot be excluded. Therefore, this combination should be avoided.
+*'''[[[[UnsafeInteraction::Tramadol|Tramadol]]]]''':<ref name="tripsit">{{cite web|url=http://drugs.tripsit.me/lsd|title=Tripsit Factsheets - LSD|publisher=Tripsit|access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> Tramadol is well documented to lower the seizure threshold in individuals<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Talaie|first1=H.|last2=Panahandeh|first2=R.|last3=Fayaznouri|first3=M. R.|last4=Asadi|first4=Z.|last5=Abdollahi|first5=M.|title=Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol|year=2009|journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=63-67|doi=10.1007/BF03161089|issn=1556-9039|eissn=1937-6995|oclc=163567183|pmid=19415589|pmc=3550327}}</ref> and LSD also has the potential to induce seizures in susceptible individuals.<ref name="Fisher1967" />
+*'''[[UnsafeInteraction::Ritonavir]]''':<ref name="ErowidInteraction">{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd_interactions.shtml|title=LSD: Interactions|publisher=Erowid|date=November 18, 2003|access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> Severe vascular constriction has happened when taking [[Ergoline derivative|ergolines]] in combination with ritonavir. Because it is not known if this extends to LSD, utmost caution is advised.
+*'''[[[[UnsafeInteraction::Deliriants]]]]''' (e.g. '''''[[diphenhydramine]], [[scopolamine]]'''''): Deliriants should generally not be combined with other substances, but may have additional risks when taken with psychedelics. May increase the risk of [[anxiety]], [[delusions]], [[mania]], [[psychosis]], and [[serotonin syndrome]].
+*'''[[[[UncertainInteraction::Cannabis|Cannabis]]]]''':<ref name="tripsit"></ref> Cannabis has a strong, volatile synergy with LSD. While often used to intensify or prolong LSD's effects, the combination increases the risk of adverse psychological effects like [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[panic attacks]], and [[psychosis]]. Anecdotal reports often describe cannabis use as the triggering event for a [[bad trip]] or [[psychosis]].{{notetag|''It is advised to start off with only a fraction (e.g. 1/4th - 1/3rd) of one's typical cannabis dose and space out hits to avoid accidental over-intake.''}} Caution is advised.
+*'''[[[[UncertainInteraction::Stimulants|Stimulants]]]]''' (e.g. '''''[[amphetamine]], [[cocaine]], [[methylphenidate]]'''''):<ref name="tripsit"></ref> While able to intensify LSD's [[euphoria|euphoric]] effects, stimulants also elevate [[anxiety]] levels and increase the risk of [[paranoia]], [[thought loops]], and [[psychosis]], particularly during the [[comedown]] phase. This risk may be higher than with other psychedelics due to LSD's direct effect on [[dopamine]] pathways. This combination is generally discouraged.
-Nov 16th 1938: Albert Hofmann, a chemist working for Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland, synthesis LSD for the first time.
+===='''Other interactions'''====
-April 16th 1943: Albert Hofmann accidentally experiences LSD for the first time. He reports seeing “an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscope-like play of colours”.
+*[[SSRI|'''SSRIs''']] (e.g. [[Fluoxetine|'''''fluoxetine''''']], [[Sertraline|'''''sertraline''''']]): Due do the downregulation of 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors caused by SSRIs, psychedelics can have a reduced effect. Weaker effects could lead to the user compensating by increasing their dose or re-dosing, potentially having stronger effects than they intended. SSRIs can also reduce the chance of having a [[Bad trip|bad trip]] due to its [[Anxiety suppression|anxiolytic]] effects.
-April 19th 1943: “Bicycle Day” Albert Hofmann intentionally ingests 250mcg of LSD
+==Notable individuals==
+Some notable individuals have commented publicly on their experiences with LSD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous LSD users |url=http://www.thegooddrugsguide.com/articles/famous_users/lsd.htm |publisher=The Good Drugs Guide |access-date=2008-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007023344/http://www.thegooddrugsguide.com/articles/famous_users/lsd.htm |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://popwiki.net |title=People on psychedelics |access-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421145334/http://popwiki.net/ |archive-date=April 21, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Some of these comments date from the era when it was legally available in the US and Europe for non-medical uses, and others pertain to psychiatric treatment in the 1950s and 1960s. Still others describe experiences with illegal LSD, obtained for philosophic, artistic, therapeutic, spiritual, or recreational purposes.
-: First scientific article on the mental effects of LSD published by Werner Stoll in the Swiss Archives of Neurology.
+*'''Aldous Huxley''', author of ''Brave New World'', became a user of psychedelics after moving to Hollywood. He was at the forefront of the counterculture's use of psychedelics, which led to his 1954 work ''The Doors of Perception''. Dying from cancer, he asked his wife on 22 November 1963 to inject him with 100&nbsp;µg of LSD. <ref name="OpenCulture">{{cite web | vauthors = Colman D |title= Aldous Huxley's LSD Death Trip |date= October 2011 |url= http://www.openculture.com/2011/10/aldous_huxleys_lsd_death_trip.html |access-date= 1 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111112140024/http://www.openculture.com/2011/10/aldous_huxleys_lsd_death_trip.html |archive-date= November 12, 2011 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
+*'''Ernst Jünger''', German writer and philosopher, throughout his life had experimented with substances such as [[diethyl ether|ether]], [[cocaine]], and [[hashish]]; and later in life he used [[mescaline]] and [[LSD]]. These experiments were recorded comprehensively in ''Annäherungen'' (1970, ''Approaches''). The novel ''Visit to Godenholm|Besuch auf Godenholm'' (1952, ''Visit to Godenholm'') is clearly influenced by his early experiments with mescaline and LSD. He met with LSD inventor Albert Hofmann and they took LSD together several times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child7.htm|title=LSD, My Problem Child · Radiance from Ernst Junger|website=www.psychedelic-library.org}}</ref> He is the inventor of the term "[[psychonaut]]".
-: Max Rinkel brings LSD to the US and starts work on LSD in Boston. Nick Bercel starts work on LSD in Los Angeles.
+*'''Jerry Garcia''' stated in a July 3, 1989 interview, in response to the question "Have your feelings about LSD changed over the years?," "They haven't changed much. My feelings about LSD are mixed. It's something that I both fear and that I love at the same time. I never take any psychedelic, have a psychedelic experience, without having that feeling of, "I don't know what's going to happen." In that sense, it's still fundamentally an enigma and a mystery."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.relix.com/features/2010/04/20/q-a-with-jerry-garcia-portrait-of-an-artist-as-a-tripper?3 |title=Q&A with Jerry Garcia: Portrait of an Artist as a Tripper |publisher=Relix Magazine |date=April 20, 2010 |access-date=2013-06-29 | vauthors = Alderson J |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521033451/http://www.relix.com/features/2010/04/20/q-a-with-jerry-garcia-portrait-of-an-artist-as-a-tripper?3 |archive-date=May 21, 2010 }}</ref>
-May 1950: First paper about LSD appears in the American Psychiatric Journal, by Robert Hyde. The focus of the article is to create a “model psychosis”.
+*'''Kary Mullis''' is reported to credit LSD with helping him develop DNA amplification technology, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/01/70015 |title=LSD: The Geek's Wonder Drug? |access-date=2008-03-11 | vauthors = Harrison A |date=2006-01-16 |magazine=Wired |quote=Like Herbert, many scientists and engineers also report heightened states of creativity while using LSD. During a press conference on Friday, Hofmann revealed that he was told by Nobel-prize-winning chemist Kary Mullis that LSD had helped him develop the polymerase chain reaction that helps amplify specific DNA sequences. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505100508/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/01/70015 |archive-date=May 5, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
-: The CIA begins “Operation Bluebird” to investigate mind control techniques using LSD. This subsequently evolves into MK-ULTRA in 1953. 1951: Al Hubbard first tries LSD.
+*'''Oliver Sacks''', a neurologist famous for writing best-selling case histories about his patients' disorders and unusual experiences, talks about his own experiences with LSD and other perception altering chemicals, in his book, ''Hallucinations''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Sacks O | date=2012 | title=Hallucinations | url=https://www.oliversacks.com/books-by-oliver-sacks/hallucinations/ | publisher=Vintage Books | pages = 106 | isbn=978-0-307-94743-7 | quote="On the West Coast in the early 1960s LSD and morning glory seeds were readily available, so I sampled those, too." }}</ref>
-: Charles Savage publishes the first study on the use of LSD to treat depression.
+*'''Paul McCartney''' said that The Beatles' songs "Day Tripper" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" were inspired by LSD trips. Nonetheless, John Lennon consistently stated over the course of many years that the fact that the initials of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" spelled out L-S-D was a coincidence (the title came from a picture drawn by his son Julian) and that the band members did not notice until after the song had been released, and Paul McCartney corroborated that story.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.snopes.com/music/hidden/lucysky.asp |title= Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds LSD |publisher= snopes.com |access-date= 2012-06-20}}</ref> John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr also used the substance, although McCartney cautioned that "it's easy to overestimate the influence of drugs on the Beatles' music."<ref name="weeklystandard">{{cite magazine |title=The Truth Behind "LSD" | vauthors = Matus V |date=June 2004 |magazine=The Weekly Standard | url = https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-truth-behind-lsd }}</ref>
-: First LSD clinic opened in the UK under Ronald Sandison
+*'''Richard Feynman''', a notable physicist at California Institute of Technology, tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Feynman largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the "O Americano, Outra Vez" section.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Feynman RP |title=Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character |editor=Ralph Leighton |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-393-01921-6 |oclc=10925248}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Gleick J |title=Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=1992|isbn=978-0-679-40836-9 |oclc=243743850}}</ref>
-: MK-ULTRA underway. In November a CIA employee, Frank Olson, who had unwittingly been given LSD commits suicide by jumping out of a window in New York.
+*'''Steve Jobs''', co-founder and former CEO of Apple Inc., said, "Taking LSD was a profound experience, one of the most important things in my life."<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Bosker B |title=The Steve Jobs Reading List: The Books And Artists That Made The Man |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/21/the-steve-jobs-reading-list-the-books_n_1024021.html |access-date=23 October 2011 |date=21 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022123850/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/21/the-steve-jobs-reading-list-the-books_n_1024021.html |archive-date=October 22, 2011 |df=mdy-all |newspaper=Huffington Post }}</ref>
-: Humphrey Osmond begins treating alcoholics with LSD
+*'''W. H. Auden''', the poet, said, "I myself have taken mescaline once and LSD once. Aside from a slight schizophrenic dissociation of the I from the Not-I, including my body, nothing happened at all."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason D | title = Review: Awe for Auden | journal = The Hudson Review | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | date = Autumn 2015 | pages = 492–500 | publisher = The Hudson Review, Inc. }}</ref> He also said, "LSD was a complete frost. … What it does seem to destroy is the power of communication. I have listened to tapes done by highly articulate people under LSD, for example, and they talk absolute drivel. They may have seen something interesting, but they certainly lose either the power or the wish to communicate."<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/auden/QandA_pt6.html | vauthors = Auden WH | title = W. H. Auden at Swathmore; An hour of questions and answers with Auden | date = 15 November 1971 | work = Exhibition notes from the W.H. Auden Collection | publisher = the Swarthmore College Library }}</ref> He also said, "Nothing much happened but I did get the distinct impression that some birds were trying to communicate with me."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/a-master-of-memorable-speech-1.1195982 | vauthors = MacMonagle N | title = A Master of Memorable speech | work = The Irish Times | date = 17 February 2007 }}</ref>
-: Aldous Huxley takes mescaline for the first time. “The Doors Of Perception” is published.
+==Legal status==
+Internationally, the UN 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances requires its parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe.
-: Aldous Huxley takes LSD for the first time. “Heaven and Hell” is published. 1955: First scientific conferences on LSD (and mescaline) take place in Atlantic City and Princeton. Mid 1950’s: First recreational use of LSD recorded, among Los Angeles medical community.
+Medical and scientific research with LSD in humans is permitted under the 1971 UN Convention, although has been reported to be difficult to actually carry out in practice.<ref name="Convention1971"></ref>
-: Humphrey Osmond coins the word “psychedelic”
+*'''Australia''': LSD is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard.<ref name="Poisons Standard">{{cite web |url= https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534 |title=Poisons Standard October 2015 |work=Federal Register of Legislation }}</ref> A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.<ref name="Poisons Standard" /> Possession of under 5 doses of LSD is decriminalized in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) as of October 28, 2023.<ref>https://www.health.act.gov.au/about-our-health-system/population-health/drug-law-reform</ref>
+*'''Austria''': LSD is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the Addictive Substances Act (''Suchtmittelgesetz'').<ref>{{cite web|language=de|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011040|title=Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Suchtmittelgesetz|access-date=November 17, 2020|publisher=Rechtsinformationssystem der Republik Österreich (RIS)}}</ref><ref name="Convention1971" />
+*'''Brazil''': Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>{{cite web|title=RESOLUÇÃO DA DIRETORIA COLEGIADA - RDC N° 130, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2016|publication-date=December 5, 2016|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013735/http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/(1)RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7|archive-date=September 24, 2020|publisher=Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) [National Sanitary Surveillance Agency]|url=http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7}}</ref>
+*'''Canada''': LSD is a Schedule III controlled substance in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-15.html|title=Schedule III|work=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19)|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref>
+*'''Croatia''': LSD is a controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2016_01_10_258.html|title=Droga, Psihotropnih Tvari I Biljaka Iz Kojih Se Može Dobiti Droga Te Tvari Koje Se Mogu Uporabiti Za Izradu Droga|language=hr|date=January 20, 2016|publication-date=January 29, 2016|publisher=Ministarstvo Zdravlja [Ministry of Health]|}}</ref>
+*'''Czech Republic''': In 2010, the possession of 5 tabs of LSD has been decriminalized. Anybody possessing less than this amount may be charged for a misdemeanor or receive a warning from police.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.praguepost.com/news/3194-new-drug-guidelines-are-europes-most-liberal.html|title=New drug guidelines are Europe’s most liberal|publisher=The Prague Post|author=Benjamin Cunningham|date=December 23, 2009|access-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref>
+*'''Denmark''': LSD is a Category A controlled substance in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/da/godkendelse/virksomhedstilladelse-og-registrering/euforiserende-stoffer/liste-over-stoffer/~/media/BD3103CB7080427DB7125B0685EF6427.ashx|title=Samlet liste over euforiserende stoffer opført på bilag 1 til bekendtgørelsen om euforiserende stoffer nr. 557 af 31. maj 2011 og stoffer reguleret herefter via ændringsbekendtgørelser |publisher=Lægemiddelstyrelsen [Danish Medicines Agency]|date=June 13, 2018|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=da}}</ref>
+*'''Germany''': LSD is controlled under Schedule I of the Narcotics Act (''Anlage I BtMG'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln: Anlage I|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>, former Opium Act (''Opiumgesetz'') as of February 25, 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl167s0197.pdf|title=Vierte Verordnung über die den Betäubungsmitteln gleichgestellten Stoffe|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Teil I: 1967 Nr. 10|publication-date=February 24, 1967|language=de|issn=0341-1095|page=197|}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln: § 29|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
+*'''Italy''': LSD is a Schedule I (''Tabella I'') controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf|title=Tabella I|publisher=Ministero della Salute [Ministry of Health]|language=it|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713034227/http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf|archive-date=July 13, 2019}}</ref>
+*'''Japan:''' LSD is classified as a narcotic under the Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs Control Act (''麻薬及び向精神薬取締法'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/web/t_doc?dataId=81102000&dataType=0&pageNo=3|access-date=August 14, 2020|language=ja|publisher=厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]|title=麻薬及び向精神薬取締法|trans-title=Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs Control Act}}</ref>
+*'''Latvia''': LSD is a Schedule I controlled substance in Latvia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086|title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem|publisher=VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=November 10, 2005|language=lv}}</ref>
+*'''Luxembourg''': LSD is a prohibited substance. <ref>{{Citation | title=Règlement grand-ducal du 26 mars 1974 établissant la liste des stupéfiants | url=https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/1974/03/26/n1/jo}}</ref>
+*'''The Netherlands''': LSD is classified as a List I (''Lijst 1'') controlled substance under the Opium Law (''Opiumwet'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2020-01-01|title=Opiumwet|trans-title=Opium Act|publisher=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties [Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations]|date=January 1, 2020|access-date=January 8, 2020|language=nl}}</ref>
+*'''Norway''': LSD is classified as a narcotic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2013-02-14-199|title=Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)|date=September 1, 2020|publisher=Lovdata|language=Norwegian|access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref>
+*'''Portugal''': LSD is illegal to produce, sell or trade in Portugal. However since 2001, individuals found in possession of small quantities (up to 500 µg) are considered sick individuals instead of criminals. The substance is confiscated and the suspects may be forced to attend a dissuasion session at the nearest CDT (Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction) or pay a fine, in most cases.<ref name="greenwald2009">{{cite web|url=https://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/drug-decriminalization-portugal-lessons-creating-fair-successful-drug-policies|title=Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies|author=Glenn Greenwald|date=April 2, 2009|work=White Paper Series|publisher=Cato Institute|access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref>
+*'''Russia''': LSD is a List I (''список I'') contolled substance. It is illegal to possess, produce and sell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://base.garant.ru/12112176/|title=Постановление Правительства РФ от 30.06.1998 N 681 "Об утверждении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями)|publisher=ГАРАНТ [GARANT]|access-date=January 8, 2020|language=ru}}</ref>
+*'''Switzerland''': LSD is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
+*'''Sweden''': LSD is a Schedule I (''Förteckning I'') controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling|publisher=Christina Rångemark Åkerman (Läkemedelsverket [Swedish Medical Products Agency])|issn=1101-5225|publication-date=September 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722110239/https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2011-10.pdf|archive-date=July 22, 2019|url=https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2011-10.pdf|page=24|language=sv}}</ref> The Swedish supreme court concluded in 2018 that possession of processed plant material containing a significant amount of DMT is illegal. However, possession of unprocessed such plant material was ruled legal.{{citation needed}}
+*'''United Kingdom''': LSD is a Class A controlled substance in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Part I: Class A Drugs|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I|work="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971"|access-date=January 7, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref>
+*'''United States''': LSD is a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, process, or distribute without a license from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Controlled Substances: by CSA Schedule|url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/e_cs_sched.pdf|access-date=January 7, 2020|date=August 21, 2019|page=5|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref>
+*'''Poland''': LSD is illegal to own, produce and sell under "Wykaz środków odurzających i substancji psychotropowych" and is grouped in "I-P" <ref>{{cite web | title=Wykaz środków odurzających i substancji psychotropowych | year=2022 | url=https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wykaz_%C5%9Brodk%C3%B3w_odurzaj%C4%85cych_i_substancji_psychotropowych&oldid=67226458}}</ref>
-: Al Hubbard sets up the first private Canadian clinic to use LSD for therapeutic purposes.
+==See also==
-: First international conference on LSD therapy. Sponsored by the Josiah Macy Foundation and chaired by Paul Hoch.
+*[[Responsible use (Hallucinogens)]]
+**[[Responsible use#Reagent testing kits|Reagent test kits]]
+*[[Psychedelics]]
+*[[Lysergamide]]
+*[[Psilocybin mushrooms]]
+*[[Mescaline]]
+*[[DMT]]
-: Allen Ginsberg takes LSD for the first time.
+==External links==
+===References===
-Aug 9th 1960: Timothy Leary ingests magic mushrooms for his first psychedelic experience. He subsequently establishes the “Psychedelic Research Project” at Harvard.
+*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide LSD (Wikipedia)]
+*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd.shtml LSD (Erowid Vault)]
+*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=tk&id=26 LSD (TiHKAL / Isomer Design)]
+*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Lsd LSD (Drugs-Forum)]
+*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB04829 LSD (DrugBank Online)]
-: Ken Kesey volunteers for government sponsored psychedelic drug experiments.
+===Discussion===
-: Al Hubbard publishes “The Use of LSD-25 in the Treatment of Alcoholism and Other Psychiatric Disorders”
+*[https://www.bluelight.org/xf/threads/371883 The Big & Dandy Basic LSD Questions Thread - The Fourth Iteration (Bluelight)]
-: Timothy Leary takes LSD for the first time. Leary conducts the “Good Friday Experiment”.
+===Harm reduction resources===
-: Congress passes new drug safety regulations. The FDA designates LSD an “experimental drug”.
+*[https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/gds-2018/thinking-of-using-lsd-for-the-first-time-heres-our-checklist-to-help-you-stay-safe/ Thinking of using LSD for the first time? Here are some things to think about (Global Drug Survey)]
+*[https://psyche.co/guides/how-to-have-a-safe-psychedelic-trip How to have a safe psychedelic trip (Psyche Magazine)]
-: First LSD related arrests.
+==Literature==
+===Experimental===
-: LSD first appears on the streets as liquid on sugar cubes. First stories On LSD appear in the mainstream media.
+*Passie, T., Halpern, J. H., Stichtenoth, D. O., Emrich, H. M., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review. ''CNS neuroscience & therapeutics'', 14(4), 295-314. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x]
+*Schmid, Y., Enzler, F., Gasser, P., Grouzmann, E., Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X., ... & Liechti, M. E. (2015). Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects. ''Biological psychiatry'', 78(8), 544-553. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015]
+*Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M., Williams, T. M., Williams, L. T., Underwood, R., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2016). The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). ''Psychological medicine, 46''(7), 1379-1390. [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002901 doi: 10.1017/S0033291715002901]
+*Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2016). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113''(17), 4853-4858. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518377113 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1518377113]
+*Nichols, C. D., & Sanders-Bush, E. (2002). A single dose of lysergic acid diethylamide influences gene expression patterns within the mammalian brain. ''Neuropsychopharmacology, 26''(5), 634-642. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00405-5 doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00405-5]
+*Wacker, D., Wang, S., McCorvy, J. D., Betz, R. M., Venkatakrishnan, A. J., Levit, A., ... & Roth, B. L. (2017). Crystal structure of an LSD-bound human serotonin receptor. ''Cell, 168''(3), 377-389. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.033]
-May 1963: Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert are fired from Harvard. Leary sets up a psychedelic centre at Millbrook.
+===Clinical===
-Nov 1963: Aldous Huxley dies after allegedly receiving his last request: An iv injection of LSD, administered by his wife Laura.
+*Fuentes, J. J., Fonseca, F., Elices, M., Farré, M., & Torrens, M. (2020). Therapeutic use of LSD in psychiatry: a systematic review of randomized-controlled clinical trials. ''Frontiers in psychiatry'', 943. [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943]
-: Drug Abuse Control Amendments passed by Congress make illicit LSD manufacture a misdemeanour.
+===General===
-Feb 1965: Owsley Stanley first succeeded in synthesizing crystalline LSD. First reported distribution starts in March in San Francisco at $2 a trip. Ken Kesey and The Merry Pranksters begin holding Acid Test Parties.
+*Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. ''Pharmacology & therapeutics, 101''(2), 131-181. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478 doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011478]
-Jan 1966: The Merry Pranksters hold a 3 day LSD party called “The Trips Festival”
+==Further reading==
+===Books===
-: Ron and Jay Thelin open “The Psychedelic Shop” near the corner of Haight and Ashbury streets in San Fransisco.
+*Hoffman, Albert. ''[https://www.maps.org/images/pdf/books/lsdmyproblemchild.pdf LSD — My Problem Child]''. McGraw-Hill, 1980.
+*Lee, M. A., & Shlain, B. (1992). ''Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond''. Grove Press.
+*Grof, S., Hofmann, A., & Weil, A. (2008). LSD psychotherapy (The healing potential of psychedelic medicine). ''Ben Lomond, CA: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.''
-March 1966: Life Magazine runs a cover story entitled “LSD: The Exploding Threat of the Mind Control Drug That Got Out of Control”
+===Press===
-April 1966: Millbrook is raided and Timothy Leary arrested on possession of marijuana charges.
+*Gross, Terry. [https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief']. NPR. National Public Radio, 9 September 2019. Web.
+*Grinspoon, Peter. [https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/back-to-the-future-psychedelic-drugs-in-psychiatry-202106222508 Back to the Future: Psychedelic Drugs in Psychiatry]. Harvard Health, 22 June 2021. Web.
+*Ungerleider, Shoshana. [https://time.com/6106152/psychedelic-medicine-health-care-workers/ A New Era in Psychedelic Medicine]. Time, 13 Oct. 2021. Web.
-April 1966: Sandoz recalls the LSD it had distributed and withdraws funding for work with LSD.
+==Footnotes==
+{{notelist}}
-Oct 6th 1966: California enacts a law making LSD illegal.
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
-Jan 16th 1967: First “Human Be-In” held in San Francisco
+[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
+[[Category:Entheogen]]
+[[Category:Hallucinogen]]
+[[Category:Psychedelic]]
+[[Category:Lysergamide]]
-: Paul McCartney admits in an interview that the Beatles have taken LSD.
+{{#set:Featured=true}}
+<references group="note" />
-Summer 1967: “The Summer of Love” in San Francisco. Acid- Rock emerges as a musical genre. Jan 17th 1968: Lyndon B Johnson mentions LSD in his State of the Union address. The US government makes possession of LSD illegal.
-: The first “home-grown” UK acid lab was discovered. Quentin Theobald and Peter Simmons were prosecuted.
-: In August the Woodstock festival takes place in New York and members of the Charles Manson cult commit the Tate-LaBianca murders (allegedly influenced, in part by LSD).
-Summer 1969: The Brotherhood of Eternal Love produce and distribute an estimated 10 million doses of “Orange Sunshine” LSD (as pills).
-Dec 1969: The Rolling Stones Altamont concert ends in tragedy as 4 concerts-goers are killed. Feb 1970: Timothy Leary jailed for possession of a joint. Sept 1970: Timothy Leary escapes from prison with the aid of “The Weathermen” The escape is funded by the Brotherhood of Eternal Love.
-: An estimated 2 million Americans have used LSD. June 20th 1970: Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Doc Ellis pitched a “no-hitter” game whilst under the influence of LSD.
-ct 27th 1970: The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act is passed in the US. Most known hallucinogens are placed in Schedule 1.
-: Windowpane LSD first appears
-: UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances schedules LSD as a class A drug. All UN countries implement this into their drug laws or create their first drug laws. LSD is banned virtually world wide.
-: The Brotherhood of Eternal Love busted.
-: Timothy Leary captured in Afghanistan and jailed again in the US.
-: End of last formal LSD research programme.
-: Blotters emerge as the most commonly available form of LSD.
-: Timothy Leary released from prison.
-Late 1970’s: Availability of LSD falls, due to a combination of negative publicity about potential side-effects (the majority misleading or blatantly false) and a combination of law enforcement and governmental controls.
-: “Operation Julie” in the UK breaks up one of the largest LSD manufacturing and distribution networks in the world at that time.
-: Albert Hofmann publishes “LSD: My Problem Child”
-: MAPS: The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies is founded.
-:The Psychedelic Movement re-emerges with the “Second Summer of Love”. Raves and all-night “Acid House” parties are however mainly fuelled by MDMA rather than LSD.
-: Permission granted in Switzerland for the use of LSD in psychotherapy by several specialists in private practice.
-: Permission to use LSD withdrawn in Switzerland.
-: The Heffter Research Institute founded to support and promote investigation into the medical uses of psychedelic hallucinogens.
-: Dr. David Nichols publishes an essay entitled “A Scientist Reflects on the Discovery and Future of LSD”
-Feb 2000: MAPS comment that case-reports of LSD and Psilocybin being efficacious in the treatment of Cluster Headache should be scientifically investigated.
-: Discussions about the use of LSD and Psilocybin use for Cluster Headaches initiated on various internet forums.
-: The UK government was advised in The Independent Inquiry into the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 by the Police Foundation in March 2000 that LSD should be transferred from Class A to Class B (recommendation 8). This advice was ignored.
-: Psychotherapy study on the use of LSD in Cancer patients submitted to the FDA. Protocol was placed on Clinical Hold by the FDA requesting changes in the study design and a review of previous work in this area. No date has yet been set for the resubmission.
-: MAPS announce development of a randomised, dose response study of Psilocybin and LSD in people with Cluster Headache. They hope that this will be the first study to renew human research with LSD.
-April 2005 In the UK Drug activist Casey Hardison is sentenced to 20 years in jail for producing 145.000 doses of LSD. Casey Hardison defense is the right on cognitive liberty: the right to alter ones own psyche. At the time of writing this case is pending and will be decided on the EU supreme court. Your support is needed. See here.
-June 2005: Editorial published in the British Journal of Psychiatry entitled “Can Psychedelics Have a Role in Psychiatry Once Again”
-April 2006: Editorial published in The Lancet entitled “Reviving Research Into Psychedelic Drugs”
-Sources: Erowid, Lycaeum, MAPS, The Heffter Institute.
-== See also ==
-*[[TiHKAL-LSD]] The article from TiHKAL by Ann and Alexander Shulgin.
-[[Category:Drugs]]
-[[sv:LSD]]
-[[es:LSD]]

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Revision as of 21:46, 13 July 2025

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