'''Kratom''', or '''Mitragyna speciosa''' is a leafy tree that grows from 3-15 meters tall. Its leaves contain mitragynine and are chewed as an opiate substitute and stimulant in Thailand and South-East Asia, primarily among the working class. It has a relatively long history of human use.
{{SubstanceBox/Kratom}}
[[File:Kratom_plants.jpg|thumb|Kratom Plant]]
'''''Mitragyna speciosa''''' (also known as '''kratom''') is a tropical tree of the coffee family indigenous to South East Asia.<ref name="Kruegel">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kruegel, A. C.)), ((Grundmann, O.)) | journal=Neuropharmacology | title=The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse | volume=134 | pages=108–120 | date= May 2018 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028390817303933 | issn=00283908 | doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026}}</ref> The leaves of ''M. speciosa'' contain various psychoactive alkaloids that produce mild [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] and [[psychoactive class::opioid]] effects.<ref name="Kruegel" /> The pharmacology of kratom is complex, although it produces its major effects through action at [[opioid]] [[receptors]] in the brain.<ref name="Kruegel" />
''M. speciosa'' is indigenous to Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rech, M. A.)), ((Donahey, E.)), ((Cappiello Dziedzic, J. M.)), ((Oh, L.)), ((Greenhalgh, E.)) | journal=Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy | title=New Drugs of Abuse | volume=35 | issue=2 | pages=189–197 | date= February 2015 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.1522 | issn=02770008 | doi=10.1002/phar.1522}}</ref> where it has been used in traditional medicines for centuries. Traditionally, fresh or dried kratom leaves are chewed or made into tea. Starting in the 2000s, kratom began to receive significant attention due to increased use in Western cultures as an alternative medicine. It is readily available for purchase from a large number of internet vendors, most commonly in the form of dried and powdered leaves.<ref name="Kruegel" />
Kratom's pharmacology shares some elements of the activity of other substances including [[yohimbine]]. Kratom also has a yohimbe-like stimulant activity, and uncaria-like immunostimulant activity. Kratom is said to produce a sense of well-being, with users reporting anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, analgesic, and even euphorigenic effects. It is paradoxically a stimulant and depressant, used to aid work and also able to contribute to rest and sleep. Kratom's psychoactive effects are reported to be relatively short-lived, typically fading after a few hours. Some people experience nausea after ingesting kratom. Its extremely bitter taste probably contributes to the nausea. Another possible effect is constipation. Kratom is mildly addictive and withdrawal is possible after frequent heavy use. While rarely severe or disabling, withdrawal symptoms can include depression, fatigue, restlessness, teary eyes, and insomnia. It is comparable to morphine withdrawal in character and caffeine withdrawal in severity.
The most potent leaves generally come from older trees, most of which grow on mildly acidic jungle type soils. The large leaves are most revered. Different strains, with names such as 'Rifat' and 'Bumblebee' are now being selected and vegetatively cloned for their allegedly higher innate alkaloid content. However, genetics are only a small variable with mitragyna speciosa. Alkaloid content is a function of age, genetics, soil, location, and season. Alkaloid production is highest in late summer and early fall. There are some reports that kratom grown in sub-tropical or mild tropical conditions may not be active, or will be less potent than kratom growing in the deep tropics. Again, reports vary sharply in this regard. Some make this claim, while others claim to have grown perfectly potent plants under such conditions.
Subjective effects include [[sedation]], [[stimulation]], [[pain relief]], [[anxiety suppression]], [[muscle relaxation]], and [[euphoria]]. Like cannabis, users report that the effects of kratom can vary depending on the dose and strain. Lower doses are generally reported to produce [[caffeine|caffeine-like]] [[stimulant]] effects such as [[focus enhancement|enhanced focus]] and [[motivation enhancement|motivation]] while higher doses produce typical [[opioid|opioid]] effects like [[pain relief]], [[sedation]], and [[euphoria]]. Many users claim kratom is useful in treating opioid addiction as a weaning agent, particularly during the initial withdrawal phase.{{citation needed}} Kratom exists in a variety of strains with different characteristics, some more opioid-like than others.
Kratom’s mood-elevating effects have raised concerns about the plant’s potential for dependence and abuse. In some jurisdictions, its sale and importation have been restricted, and several public health authorities have raised alerts.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Commissioner, O. of the)) | year=2020 | title=Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency’s scientific evidence on the presence of opioid compounds in kratom, underscoring its potential for abuse | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-fda-commissioner-scott-gottlieb-md-agencys-scientific-evidence-presence-opioid-compounds | access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2016 | title=DEA Announces Intent To Schedule Kratom | publisher=DEA | url=https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2016/08/30/dea-announces-intent-schedule-kratom | access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Additionally, strong evidence for many of the claimed benefits promoted by kratom vendors and communities are currently lacking. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
== Recreational Use of Kratom ==
==Chemistry==
Though Kratom is not a well known substance outside South-East Asia; it has been sold for its narcotic effects around the world, mainly via internet vendors. By affecting the Delta opioid receptors much like opiates do, Kratom provides a calm and relaxing euphoria mirroring that of opiates. Kratom appears to affect the brain in much the same way opiates do, but yet it does not cause the retched dependence caused by regular opiate use. A tolerance is built, however, requiring more material to achieve the same effects. It is recommended that users do not use Kratom more than twice a week, so a tolerance is not built. Cross-tolerance has also been noted. This means that a user can consume Kratom and build a tolerance for both Kratom and opiates. This could pose a problem for doctors prescribing pain medication to someone after regular Kratom use.
The leaves of ''M. speciosa'' contain more than 40 compounds,<ref name="Adkins2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Adkins, J. E.)), ((Boyer, E. W.)), ((McCurdy, C. R.)) | journal=Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | title=Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity | volume=11 | issue=9 | pages=1165–1175 | date= 2011 | issn=1873-4294 | doi=10.2174/156802611795371305}}</ref> including many [[indole]] [[alkaloids]] such as [[mitragynine]], [[mitraphylline]], and [[7-hydroxymitragynine]] (which is currently the most likely candidate for the primary active chemical in the plant).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Chittrakarn, S.)), ((Keawpradub, N.)), ((Sawangjaroen, K.)), ((Kansenalak, S.)), ((Janchawee, B.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=The neuromuscular blockade produced by pure alkaloid, mitragynine and methanol extract of kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) | volume=129 | issue=3 | pages=344–349 | date=16 June 2010 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874110002102 | issn=0378-8741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.035}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Prozialeck, W. C.)), ((Jivan, J. K.)), ((Andurkar, S. V.)) | journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association | title=Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects | volume=112 | issue=12 | pages=792–799 | date= December 2012 | issn=1945-1997}}</ref> Other active compounds in ''M. speciosa'' include raubasine, rhynchophylline, and corynantheidine, among many others.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Takayama, H.)), ((Ishikawa, H.)), ((Kurihara, M.)), ((Kitajima, M.)), ((Aimi, N.)), ((Ponglux, D.)), ((Koyama, F.)), ((Matsumoto, K.)), ((Moriyama, T.)), ((Yamamoto, L. T.)), ((Watanabe, K.)), ((Murayama, T.)), ((Horie, S.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=Studies on the synthesis and opioid agonistic activities of mitragynine-related indole alkaloids: discovery of opioid agonists structurally different from other opioid ligands | volume=45 | issue=9 | pages=1949–1956 | date=25 April 2002 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm010576e}}</ref>
The amount of active alkaloids in the leaves highly depends on many factors. One major factor is the location of the tree. When trees are grown in Southeast Asia, the levels tend to be higher but when grown elsewhere (even in greenhouses) the levels tend to be low or non-existent.<ref name="Ward2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ward, J.)), ((Rosenbaum, C.)), ((Hernon, C.)), ((McCurdy, C. R.)), ((Boyer, E. W.)) | journal=CNS drugs | title=Herbal medicines for the management of opioid addiction: safe and effective alternatives to conventional pharmacotherapy? | volume=25 | issue=12 | pages=999–1007 | date=1 December 2011 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.2165/11596830-000000000-00000}}</ref> One analysis of products marketed as kratom leaf found [[mitragynine]] at levels of 1–6% and [[7-hydroxymitragynine]] at levels of 0.01–0.04%.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ruri|last1=Kikura-Hanajiri|first2=Maiko|last2=Kawamura|first3=Takuro|last3=Maruyama|first4=Mariko|last4=Kitajima|title=Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant "kratom" (''Mitragyna speciosa'') by LC-ESI-MS|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11419-009-0070-5|journal=Forensic Toxicology|date=July 2009|issn=1860-8973|pages=67–74|volume=27|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s11419-009-0070-5|first5=Hiromitsu|last5=Takayama|first6=Yukihiro|last6=Goda}}</ref>
== Kratom as a Opiate substitute ==
The plant's active compounds and metabolites are not detected by a typical drug screening test, but can be detected by more specialized testing. Blood mitragynine concentrations are expected to be in a range of 10–50 μg/L in persons using the drug recreationally. Detection in body fluids is typically by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Baselt, R. C.)) | date= 2014 | title=Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man | publisher=Biomedical Publications | edition=Tenth edition | isbn=9780962652394}}</ref>
Since Kratom affects the brain much like [[opiates]]; Kratom has been a popular opiate substitute in some parts of South-East Asia. Many opium addicts in Thailand are reported to chew Kratom leaves if opium is not available. In most cases, Kratom is just used as a substitute until more opium can be acquired, though some opiate users do combine the two drugs.
Kratom behaves as an [[opioid]] [[receptor]] [[agonist]] similar in function to [[morphine]] and other [[opiates]], although its pharmacological action and subjective effects differ significantly from those of traditional [[opiates]].<ref name="Ward2011" />
Opioids exert their effects by binding to and activating the [[Opioid#Receptor_types|opioid]] [[receptor]]s. They structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found within the body and also work upon the opioid receptor system. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their [[physical euphoria|euphoric]], [[pain relief|pain-relieving]] and [[anxiolytic]] effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing [[sedation]], and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement.
== Kratom as a Sex enhancer ==
Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine<ref name="MatsumotoTakayama2006">{{cite journal|last1=Matsumoto|first1=Kenjiro|last2=Takayama|first2=Hiromitsu|last3=Ishikawa|first3=Hayato|last4=Aimi|first4=Norio|last5=Ponglux|first5=Dhavadee|last6=Watanabe|first6=Kazuo|last7=Horie|first7=Syunji|title=Partial agonistic effect of 9-hydroxycorynantheidine on μ-opioid receptor in the guinea-pig ileum|journal=Life Sciences|volume=78|issue=19|year=2006|pages=2265–2271|issn=00243205|doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.030}}</ref> bind as partial [[agonist]]s to the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid receptors]] and [[antagonist]]ic to the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-]] and [[Opioid#Delta_.28.CE.B4.29|δ-opioid receptors]]. They have high binding affinities to the µ- and κ-receptors. The binding affinity to the δ-receptors is high for 7-hydroxymitragynine, but weak for mitragynine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kruegel, A. C.)), ((Gassaway, M. M.)), ((Kapoor, A.)), ((Váradi, A.)), ((Majumdar, S.)), ((Filizola, M.)), ((Javitch, J. A.)), ((Sames, D.)) | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | title=Synthetic and Receptor Signaling Explorations of the Mitragyna Alkaloids: Mitragynine as an Atypical Molecular Framework for Opioid Receptor Modulators | volume=138 | issue=21 | pages=6754–6764 | date=1 June 2016 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.6b00360 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/jacs.6b00360}}</ref>
Some users claim that Kratom allows them to perform sexually for a much longer period of time than normal. For many people, Kratom reduces the sensitivity in the sexual organs, thus requiring more time to reach an orgasm. Kratom seems to have a negative effect on sexual performance though. Many report that Kratom causes temporary erectile problems.
Unlike most other opioids, kratom also presents affinity for the [[norepinephrine]] and [[serotonin]]<ref name="MatsumotoMizowaki1996">{{cite journal|last1=Matsumoto|first1=Kinzo|last2=Mizowaki|first2=Maho|last3=Suchitra|first3=Thongpradichote|last4=Murakami|first4=Yukihisa|last5=Takayama|first5=Hiromitsu|last6=Sakai|first6=Shin-ichiro|last7=Aimi|first7=Norio|last8=Watanabe|first8=Hiroshi|title=Central antinociceptive effects of mitragynine in mice: contribution of descending noradrenergic and serotonergic systems|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=317|issue=1|year=1996|pages=75–81|issn=00142999|doi=10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00714-5}}</ref> [[receptor]] systems where it functions as an [[agonist]]. Its action on norepinephrine and serotonin also likely contributes to kratom's stimulating properties.
Additionally, kratom contains the alkaloid [[rhynchophylline]], which functions as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kang, T.-H.)), ((Murakami, Y.)), ((Matsumoto, K.)), ((Takayama, H.)), ((Kitajima, M.)), ((Aimi, N.)), ((Watanabe, H.)) | journal=European Journal of Pharmacology | title=Rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline inhibit NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes | volume=455 | issue=1 | pages=27–34 | date=22 November 2002 | issn=0014-2999 | doi=10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02581-5}}</ref> This may be responsible for the mild [[dissociative|dissociating]] effects which occur at heavy [[dosage|dose]]s.
== Kratom & cancer prevention ==
==Subjective effects==
There have been some claims that Kratom can reduce the chances of getting some forms of cancer. There is no scientific research to back these claims up. Hopefully, someday, there will be some research available on this subject.
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
== Kratom Side effects ==
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' & '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Kratom can act as both a stimulant and a sedative depending on the strain and dose. The sedating and stimulating effects may occur simultaneously in a contradictory manner resulting in the sensation that one is both energized and relaxed. These may also occur at different times during the experience; a person may feel stimulated during the come up and sedated during the come down. Kratom is considerably more stimulating than that of traditional [[opioids]] including [[oxycodone]], [[heroin]], and [[codeine]].
Consumption of Kratom does have possible side effects such as nausea, constipation, sleep problems, and temporary erectile dysfunction. Extensive use can cause some problems such as insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, darkening of skin, and dry mouth. There are reports of a small number of Kratom users in South-East Asia experiencing more severe problems from they're extensive consumption of the plant. Problems such as hallucinations, delusional behavior, aggression and schizophrenia seemed to plague some users. Some of these users were also using drugs such as [[alcohol]], [[opiates]] and [[amphetamine]]s as well. Any one of these drugs could have caused these severe symptoms, so it would be questionable to assume that Kratom caused these problems. Some of the people who did not use other drugs did display symptoms, but these were long time users, some as much as 40 years of daily heavy consumption. It seems unlikely that users outside South-East Asia face the same risks, as most recreational users don't consume anywhere near the same amount of Kratom as people from South-East Asia. It is recommended that new Kratom users start with smaller doses to avoid potential negative effects. Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery. Use caution when mixing psychoactive substances with Kratom. There appears to be no information regarding Kratom use and interactions with MAOI’s and SSRI’s, but if you take MAOI’s, do not use Kratom. People taking SSRI’s are advised to use caution when taking Kratom. Most people taking SSRI’s report no problems with Kratom.
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - Kratom reliably produces physical euphoria at higher doses. However, this euphoria is not as intense as the euphoria of [[opioids]] like [[heroin]], or [[oxycodone]]. The sensation itself can be described as moderate feelings of intense physical comfort, warmth, love and contentment.
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Kratom can produce pronounced pain relief, with some users reporting that high doses of kratom produce [[analgesia|analgesic effects]] equivalent to over 20 mg of [[hydrocodone]] (commonly known as "Vicodin").
*'''[[Effect::Cough suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - with strong doses or frequent re-dosing, one may feel quite ill and the nausea can last upwards of two days at the worst. For this reason, a light and healthy diet is recommended in the days prior to consuming higher doses of kratom.
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]
*'''[[Effect::Itchiness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Stomach cramps]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Constipation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Body odor alteration]]''' - Kratom can cause one's urine to acquire a very distinct and unpleasant odor for a subset of users.
*'''[[Effect::Decreased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Orgasm suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil constriction]]'''
}}
{{effects/disconnective|
*'''[[Effect::Visual disconnection]]''' - A sense of subtle disconnection from visual input is often experienced with high doses of kratom. This is similar to a low-level version of the same effect universally experienced with [[dissociatives]] and may be a result of [[NMDA antagonist]] properties of [[rhynchophylline]], an alkaloid found in kratom.
== Kratom dosage ==
}}
*Oral Kratom Dosages (dried leaf)
|{{effects/cognitive|
*Enhanced (Extract Added)
*Threshold 1 gram
*Light 1-2 grams
*Common 2-3 grams
*Strong 3-6 grams
The cognitive effects of kratom can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
----
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
*Oral Kratom Dosages (dried leaf)
*Super Grade
*Threshold 1-2 grams
*Light 2-4 grams
*Common 3-5 grams
*Strong 4-8 grams
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
----
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - In comparison to other [[opioids]], kratom can be considered as less intense in its cognitive euphoria when compared with that of [[morphine]] or [[diacetylmorphine|heroin]].
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - Focus enhancement occurs at lower doses and disappears as the dose is increased and the sedative and euphoric effects take over.
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' - Certain strains of kratom are noted to sometimes make users very tired. In high dosages this can get to the point where the user may be drifting in and out of consciousness or even experience what is called "nodding".
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time Distortion]]''' - Some users report kratom to cause time dilation
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
}}
*Oral Kratom Dosages (dried leaf)
{{effects/visual|
*Premium Grade
*Threshold 2-4 grams
*Light 3-5 grams
*Common 4-10 grams
*Strong 8-15 grams
The visual effects of kratom are pronounced compared to other [[opioids]] of its class. They can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
----
====Suppressions====
*Oral Kratom Dosages (dried leaf)
*'''[[Effect::Double vision]]'''
*Low Potency (very uncommon as of 2008)
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]'''
*Threshold 3-7 grams
====Hallucinatory states====
*Light 5-10 grams
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' - The internal hallucinations of kratom can be described as more solid than psychedelics and do not seem to be composed of visual geometry. They typically manifest themselves through hypnagogic scenarios. They are most common with high doses and can be comprehensively described in their [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as lucid in believability, fixed in style, autonomous in controllability, and equal in new experiences and memory replays in content.
*Common 10-20 grams
*Strong 20-50 grams
}}
----
}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include:
There is a popular belief of kratom being similar to [[cannabis]], where there are many different strains of Mitragyna speciosa available from vendors. The strains are thought to be named and identified after the country/region where the Mitragyna speciosa tree originated as well as the color of the veins of the leaf, but there isn't any proof supporting that theory.
Another popular theory, supported by a report from a visit to Indonesia Kratom farms <ref>{{Citation | vauthors=JohnnyAuesome | year=2020 | title=The Truth On Strains and Production Personally Witnessed | url=https://www.reddit.com/r/kratom/comments/fcwhen/the_truth_on_strains_and_production_personally/}}</ref>, say that once harvested, fresh leaves are dried, and depending of the procedure followed, they will be used to make different types of kratom. Once leaves are dry, they crumble them and have the skeleton of the leaf left behind, which they call '''bones'''. We call them veins. Veins/bones are not mixed up into most vendors powder except for the small amount used in white. That said, some vendors will add a small amount of bones to all their product, again it depends on their preference. In general, bones are discarded with the exception of the small amount put into white. Bones are allegedly stimulating.
Kratom is a controlled substance in Thailand, Bhutan, Australia, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Malaysia and Myanmar (Burma). A handful of people in Malaysia and possibly other countries are lobbying their governments to allow medical research into kratom as a potential prescription substance.
*'''Red Vein''': Fresh leaves are taken and fermented in plastic bags for 3 days pending outside humidity and temperature and vendors preference. Then they are laid out to dry. Some vendors dry indoor, some dry outdoor.
The DEA has added Kratom to their list of drugs and chemicals of concern.
*'''Gold/Yellow Vein''': These are done similar to red, but only ferment for 2 days rather than 3, then air dried. Yellow typically has white mixed in to finish it off.
*'''Green Vein''': Basic green powder comes from air drying fresh leaves.
*'''White Vein''': White is a mix of green and red, which creates a basic white. Then, they add 'bones' to the mix which helps create the whiter/beige color.
Those veins have varying degrees of depressant, stimulating, and opioid characteristics, most people agree that:
*'''Red Vein''': Red vein kratom is sedating and relaxing, making it better suited for managing insomnia or pain.
== Other names for Kratom ==
*'''Gold/Yellow Vein''': Yellow vein kratom is said to have a variety of effects depending on the vendor, ranging from being almost as sedating as a red vein, to being between green and white veins.
*'''Green Vein''': Green vein effects are a mix between white and red. They are not as stimulating as white vein nor as sedating as red vein.
*'''White Vein''': Leaves with a white vein are reported to be energetic and stimulating, promoting alertness, motivation, and wakefulness in low to moderate doses.
Note that the effects vary across all strains and that the effects are dependent on the dose taken. Not all white strains, for example, will produce the same effects and each strain may work differently in one individual than it does on another.
*Ketum
*Kakuam
*Ithang
*Thom
Unlike popular belief, strains are not individual tree species. They are actually blends. Each strain name has a trade-specific recipe that they're supposed to follow. They are blends of the colors that they have. Any strain is just a blend of the colors that they created from the original green leaves. Each vendor might use different ratio blends, and each vendor might dry them differently like indoor vs outdoor, or for different lengths of time. So there's still a decent amount of room to make one vendor better than the other.
[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Alkaloids]]
There is also an special kind of vein, called '''Super Green Vein''', which consists in unadulterated green leaves from a tree that has not been over saturated from their wet monsoon season. Hence their super vibrant color. And with this leaf, of course, some vendors make super red by following the red procedures, or even white etc. So, 'super Malay' would be using super green leaves but mixing to the 'Malay' recipe.
[[Category:Natural drugs]]
Most of the people in Indonesia use plain green or super green.
==Consumption and preparation==
There are several different ways that kratom is typically ingested:<ref>http://kratomsources.com/2011/01/23/10-ways-how-to-take-kratom/</ref>
*Traditionally, kratom users in Thailand would commonly '''chew whole kratom leaves''' in order to achieve its stimulating and pain-relieving effects while performing manual labor. However, the amount of leaves needed to be chewed to induce optimal effects is quite high. In addition, kratom leaves are very bitter and few users would find this method bearable.
*'''Kratom tea''' is one popular method of consumption. Powdered or crushed kratom leaves are steeped in hot water to extract the alkaloids. Many users choose to place the leaf matter directly into the water without using a tea bag as it ensures that no alkaloids are wasted. Kratom tea is very bitter, so flavorings like honey, peppermint oil, or lemon juice can be added to mask the bitterness.
*'''Toss and wash''' is done by placing kratom powder in the back of the mouth, avoiding contact with the taste buds as much as possible, and washing the powder down with a drink. A sweet or acidic drink is typically used to mask the bitter taste of the kratom. Since kratom powder is relatively hydrophobic, it will not always be washed down entirely with the liquid, which can leave a bitter taste and residual kratom powder in the back of the mouth. This can cause coughing or choking if not done correctly, although most people can perform this without any issues.
*'''Mixing with olive oil''' is a method that some users have found particularly helpful using powdered kratom. Kratom dissolves very easily in olive oil, and the lipids in the oil suppress the bitter taste of the kratom. Due to the fact that this method dissolves the majority of the powder, the chances of accidentally inhaling the powder or having it get stuck in the throat are minimal.
*Placing kratom '''in gelatin capsules''' is a tested ingestion method for avoiding the bitter and unpleasant taste of kratom. Typically, "00" size gelatin or vegetable capsules are filled with kratom powder. This is normally done using a capsule making machine so that many capsules can be filled at once. This also makes it easier to pack the powder down into the capsules, allowing around 0.5 grams of powder in each capsule. Some users dislike having to swallow a large amount of capsules when dosing, but this is an effective method for users who cannot tolerate kratom's bitter taste.
*'''Extracting kratom''' is done to reduce the amount of powder one must ingest to feel the effects of kratom. A safe, multisolvent kratom extract recipe can be found at the [[multisolvent heatless extraction of Kratom]] tutorial. This extraction reduces the amount of kratom needed to cause the desired effects and can reduce the dosage needed immensely. After drying, the extract can be placed in gelatin capsules on its own or mixed with raw kratom to create a full blend of effects. This is particularly helpful in opiate withdrawal.
Smoking, vaporizing, or [[insufflation|insufflating]] kratom is not seen as a viable means of administration, as the amount of alkaloids needed to produce effects would only be obtained by smoking or snorting an excessive amount of leaf material. In addition, certain kratom alkaloids may be destroyed during the process of combustion.
===Potentiation===
The effects of kratom can be potentiated using the techniques below.
*'''Antacids''' - Taking up to four 750mg antacid tablets approximately 30 - 60 minutes before dosing kratom can increase the intensity of its effects. This works because antacids raise the pH level in the stomach, which increases the absorption of kratom.<ref name="kratom potentiation">How To Make Kratom Stronger: Kratom Potentiators | http://www.politiquessociales.net/how-to-make-kratom-stronger-kratom-potentiators/</ref>
*'''Turmeric / Curcumin''' and '''Black pepper''' - A tablespoon or 7 grams of turmeric and a large pinch of black pepper will greatly increase the potency of kratom as well as lengthen its duration if taken approximately 1 hour before ingestion. This works because turmeric functions as an [[MAOI]]. Although turmeric is mostly inactive by itself, black pepper increases its bioavailability by 2000% percent.<ref name="kratom potentiation" />
*'''Grapefruit juice''' - Drinking a large glass of grapefruit juice approximately 2 hours before ingesting kratom can greatly potentiate its intensity.<ref name="kratom potentiation" /> This works because grapefruit juice functions as a CYP450 enzyme inhibitor which results in altered drug metabolism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bailey, D. G.)), ((Malcolm, J.)), ((Arnold, O.)), ((David Spence, J.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Grapefruit juice–drug interactions | volume=46 | issue=2 | pages=101–110 | date= August 1998 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1873672/ | issn=0306-5251 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00764.x}}</ref>
*'''[[DXM]]''' - Taking 30 - 60 mg of DXM approximately 45 - 60 minutes before ingesting kratom is said to potentiate its effects.
*'''Watercress''' - Ingesting watercress approximately 45 minutes before kratom is said to potentiate its effects. This works because watercress functions as a cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 enzyme inhibitor which results in altered drug metabolism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Leclercq, I.)), ((Desager, J. P.)), ((Horsmans, Y.)) | journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | title=Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress | volume=64 | issue=2 | pages=144–149 | date= August 1998 | issn=0009-9236 | doi=10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90147-3}}</ref>
*'''Agmatine''' - Ingesting agmatine on an empty stomach alongside kratom potentiates its opioid receptor mediated pain relief while preventing development of tolerance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kolesnikov, Y.)), ((Jain, S.)), ((Pasternak, G. W.)) | journal=European Journal of Pharmacology | title=Modulation of opioid analgesia by agmatine | volume=296 | issue=1 | pages=17–22 | date= January 1996 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014299995006699 | issn=00142999 | doi=10.1016/0014-2999(95)00669-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Su, R.-B.)), ((Li, J.)), ((Qin, B.-Y.)) | journal=Acta Pharmacologica Sinica | title=A biphasic opioid function modulator: agmatine | volume=24 | issue=7 | pages=631–636 | date= July 2003 | issn=1671-4083}}</ref>
*Ultra Low dose Naltrexone - Taking an ultra low dose of naltrexone (10μg-100μg) approximately 30 minutes before taking kratom can potentiate and prolong its effects and slow down tolerance buildup. Naltrexone, typically a mu-opioid receptor antagonist, at ultra-low doses is thought to selectively block certain opioid receptor pathways, particularly the G-protein coupled signaling, while preserving or enhancing beta-endorphin and enkephalin activity. This can amplify kratom's opioid-like effects (from alkaloids like mitragynine) by increasing receptor sensitivity and reducing desensitization. Additionally, ULDN may modulate glial cell activity, reducing inflammation and tolerance development, thus extending kratom’s efficacy. The precise mechanisms are still under research, but this combination appears to enhance analgesia and delay tolerance through these pathways.
===Preparation methods===
Preparation methods for this compound within our [[tutorial index]] include:
*[[Kratom resin/extraction tek]]
*[[Multisolvent heatless extraction of Kratom]]
*[[Kratom tea]]
==Toxicity and harm potential==
Kratom has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose. Like most [[opioids]], safe usage of kratom is not known to cause any dangerous long-term complications. Heavy dosages of kratom can result in increased [[Respiratory depression|respiratory depression]], leading onto fatal or dangerous levels of anoxia (oxygen deprivation). This is significantly less powerful than the [[respiratory depression]] of [[heroin]] or [[morphine]]. This occurs because the breathing reflex is suppressed by [[agonists|agonism]] of µ-opioid receptors proportional to the dosage consumed.
It is likely impossible to achieve this using kratom in its standard leaf form as the nausea ceiling makes it difficult to consume high enough dosages without vomiting. A pure extract or tincture, however, may be potent enough to cause lethal respiratory depression at appropriate dosages, although oral administration of pure mitragynine to mice in dosages up to 920 mg/kg did not produce lethal respiratory depression.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Raffa, R. B.)) | date=29 October 2014 | title=Kratom and Other Mitragynines: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids from a Non-Opium Source | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9781482225198}}</ref> However, kratom can be fatal when it is combined with other depressants such as [[alcohol]] or [[benzodiazepines]].
Side effects associated with chronic kratom use include [[appetite suppression|loss of appetite]] and weight loss, [[constipation]], [[decreased libido]], apathy, and darkening of the skin color of the face. Chronic use has been associated with bowel obstruction.<ref name="Adkins2011" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hassan, Z.)), ((Muzaimi, M.)), ((Navaratnam, V.)), ((Yusoff, N. H. M.)), ((Suhaimi, F. W.)), ((Vadivelu, R.)), ((Vicknasingam, B. K.)), ((Amato, D.)), ((Hörsten, S. von)), ((Ismail, N. I. W.)), ((Jayabalan, N.)), ((Hazim, A. I.)), ((Mansor, S. M.)), ((Müller, C. P.)) | journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | title=From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction | volume=37 | issue=2 | pages=138–151 | date= February 2013 | issn=1873-7528 | doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012}}</ref>
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Lethal dosage===
The lethal dosage of kratom is unknown but thought to be far above the active dosage. The precise dosage likely depends on a variety of factors including strain, potency, tolerance and method of consumption. It is unlikely that one could ingest a lethal dosage of kratom powder as the nausea will force one to vomit at around 8 - 9 grams; however, it could be possible to ingest a lethal dosage of a kratom if purer forms such as a resin or pure alkaloids are used.
Three case reports document deaths involving kratom. Other drugs were used in all cases, and in one, kratom was speculated to possibly be the primary cause of death.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Neerman, M. F.)), ((Frost, R. E.)), ((Deking, J.)) | journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences | title=A drug fatality involving Kratom | volume=58 Suppl 1 | pages=S278-279 | date= January 2013 | issn=1556-4029 | doi=10.1111/1556-4029.12009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Holler, J. M.)), ((Vorce, S. P.)), ((McDonough-Bender, P. C.)), ((Magluilo, J.)), ((Solomon, C. J.)), ((Levine, B.)) | journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology | title=A drug toxicity death involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine | volume=35 | issue=1 | pages=54–59 | date= January 2011 | issn=1945-2403 | doi=10.1093/anatox/35.1.54}}</ref> [[O-Desmethyltramadol]] ('''ODSMT''') was present in the latter case, and has been found to be a frequent additive in certain commercial brands of kratom,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kronstrand, R.)), ((Roman, M.)), ((Thelander, G.)), ((Eriksson, A.)) | journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology | title=Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton | volume=35 | issue=4 | pages=242–247 | date= May 2011 | issn=1945-2403 | doi=10.1093/anatox/35.4.242}}</ref> there were nine cases of death reported in Sweden in 2010 and 2011 relating to use of ''Krypton'', which was kratom mixed with [[O-Desmethyltramadol]].<ref name="rosenbaum_2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM |title=Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines |journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=15–32 |year=2012|pmid=22271566 |doi=10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2 |pmc=3550220}}</ref>
===Dependence and abuse potential===
As with other [[opioids]], the kratom [[Addiction potential::produces dependence with chronic use and has a high abuse potential]]. When dependence has developed, cravings and [[Opioids#Discontinuation|withdrawal symptoms]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rosenbaum, C. D.)), ((Carreiro, S. P.)), ((Babu, K. M.)) | journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology | title=Here Today, Gone Tomorrow…and Back Again? A Review of Herbal Marijuana Alternatives (K2, Spice), Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts), Kratom, Salvia divinorum, Methoxetamine, and Piperazines | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=15–32 | date= March 2012 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3550220/ | issn=1556-9039 | doi=10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2}}</ref>
Tolerance to many of the effects of kratom [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Kratom presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all other [[opioids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of kratom all [[opioid]]s will have a reduced effect.
Chronic kratom use may lead to tolerance to the effects of [[serotonergic psychedelic|serotonergic psychedelics]] due to kratom's antagonism of the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Warner, M. L.)), ((Kaufman, N. C.)), ((Grundmann, O.)) | journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine | title=The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse | volume=130 | issue=1 | pages=127–138 | date= January 2016 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y | issn=0937-9827 | doi=10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y}}</ref> and said receptor's paradoxical down-regulation in response to inhibitors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Van Oekelen, D.)), ((Luyten, W. H. M. L.)), ((Leysen, J. E.)) | journal=Life Sciences | title=5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and their atypical regulation properties | volume=72 | issue=22 | pages=2429–2449 | date= April 2003 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0024320503001413 | issn=00243205 | doi=10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00141-3}}</ref>
Since kratom is classified as an herbal supplement and remains legal in many states, a subset of individuals mistakenly assume that it can be used regularly and eventually discontinued without any withdrawal symptoms. In reality, most individuals who use kratom on a regular basis will experience some withdrawal symptoms following cessation. <ref>{{Citation | year=2017 | title=Kratom Withdrawal Symptoms | url=https://mentalhealthdaily.com/2017/01/16/kratom-withdrawal-symptoms/}}</ref>
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Opioids}}
==Legal status==
[[File:Kratom legality map.JPG|250px|thumb|right|This map shows the legal status of kratom within each US state. It is currently a controlled substance within Wisconsin, Arkansas, Tennessee, Indiana, Rhode Island, and Vermont.<ref>{{Citation | year=2015 | title=Kratom Legality Map | url=https://speciosa.org/home/kratom-legality-map/}}</ref>]]
*'''Australia:''' As of January 2015, kratom is a controlled and prohibited narcotic substance which requires a permit and license to import into the country.<ref>{{Citation | year=2022 | title=List of Prohibited Substances in Australia | url=https://www.odc.gov.au/ws-lps-index}}</ref>
*'''Canada:''' As of October 2016, it is illegal to market kratom for any use in which it is ingested. However, kratom may be marketed for other uses, such as incense.<ref>{{Citation | title=After U.S. delayed decision on kratom, a look at Canada’s laws on the psychadelic plant | url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/after-us-delayed-decision-on-kratom-a-look-at-213934868.html}}</ref>
*'''Europe:''' As of September 2011, kratom, mitragynine, and 7-hydroxymitragynine are controlled substances in a number of EU Member States such as Denmark, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Sweden.<ref>http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/kratom#control</ref>
*'''Germany:''' Kratom is not a controlled substance under the BtMG.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage I BtMG - Einzelnorm | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html}}</ref> It is legal, as long as it is not sold for human consumption, according to §2 AMG.<ref>{{Citation | title=§ 2 AMG - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amg_1976/__2.html}}</ref> This legal opinion was approved by court descision of the OLG Köln (Higher Regional Court Cologne), as of September 11, 2015.<ref>https://openjur.de/u/866755.html</ref>
*'''Japan''': Kratom and its active constituents mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are controlled substances in Japan effective March 9th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=危険ドラッグの成分５物質及び１植物種を新たに指定薬物に指定 | publisher=厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)] | url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/0000115295.html | access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref>
*'''Latvia:''' Kratom and its primary active constituent mitragynine are Schedule I controlled substances according to an amendment on August 16th, 2012.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086}}</ref>
*'''Malaysia:''' The use of kratom leaves is prohibited in Malaysia under Section 30 (3) Poisons Act 1952, and the user may be, penalized with a maximum compound of MYR 10,000 (USD 3,150) or up to 4 years imprisonment.<ref>"Utusan Malaysia: Pinda akta daun ketum kepada Akta Dadah Berbahaya | http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&prev=_dd&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utusan.com.my%2Futusan%2FParlimen%2F20121213%2Fpa_02%2FPinda-akta-daun-ketum-kepada-Akta-Dadah-Berbahaya</ref>
*'''New Zealand:''' Kratom and its primary active constituent mitragynine, after an amendment on August 6, 2015, are Schedule I controlled substances under Medicines Regulations 1984<ref>{{Citation | title=Medicines Regulations 1984 (SR 1984/143) (as at 01 July 2022) Schedule 1 Prescription, restricted, and pharmacy-only medicines – New Zealand Legislation | url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1984/0143/latest/DLM96863.html}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland:''' Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine are controlled substances specifically named under Verzeichnis A.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Thailand:''' Possession of kratom leaves is illegal in Thailand, despite the tree being native to the country. The Thai government passed the kratom Act 2486 which made planting the tree illegal and requires existing trees to be cut down. As of October 2, 2013, the justice ministry of Thailand suggested removal of kratom from the narcotic drug list relating to Category 5 of the Narcotic Drug Law of 1979, though still recommended regulating kratom in other ways.<ref>Kratom in Thailand: Decriminalization and Community Control? | http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/files/download/kratom-briefing-dlr13.pdf</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' Kratom is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="16 aralık 2013, BAKANLAR KURULU KARARI Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">h{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref><ref name="List of substances">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref>
*'''United States:''' On August 31, 2016, the DEA issued a statement indicating its intention to place kratom on Schedule I of the U.S. Controlled Substances Act in the temporary scheduling category.<ref name="kratom">Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine into Schedule I (Drug Enforcement Agency) | https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2016-20803.pdf</ref> This ban would have come into effect on September 30th, 2016, but was withdrawn on October 13th, 2016. A public comment period, which closed on December 1st, 2016. Following the comment period, the DEA will have to issue a new statement of intent to place kratom in Schedule I.<ref>{{Citation | year=2016 | title=Withdrawal of Notice of Intent to Temporarily Place Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine Into Schedule I | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/10/13/2016-24659/withdrawal-of-notice-of-intent-to-temporarily-place-mitragynine-and-7-hydroxymitragynine-into}}</ref> While there are states that have pledged to not pursue legislation to ban kratom, many others have passed or have pending legislation to ban kratom. It is currently prohibited in the states of Tennessee, Rhode Island, Vermont, Arkansas, Indiana,<ref>{{Citation | title=Indiana HB1196, 2012, Regular Session | url=https://legiscan.com/IN/text/HB1196/id/603106}}</ref> and Wisconsin.
*'''Netherlands:''' Kratom is legal to possess, buy, and sell in the Netherlands according to the Opium Act of May 12th, 1928.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Koninkrijksrelaties, M. van B. Z. en)) | title=Opiumwet | url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2020-11-17}}</ref>
Kratom, or Mitragyna speciosa is a leafy tree that grows from 3-15 meters tall. Its leaves contain mitragynine and are chewed as an opiate substitute and stimulant in Thailand and South-East Asia, primarily among the working class. It has a relatively long history of human use.
Kratom's pharmacology shares some elements of the activity of other substances including yohimbine. Kratom also has a yohimbe-like stimulant activity, and uncaria-like immunostimulant activity. Kratom is said to produce a sense of well-being, with users reporting anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, analgesic, and even euphorigenic effects. It is paradoxically a stimulant and depressant, used to aid work and also able to contribute to rest and sleep. Kratom's psychoactive effects are reported to be relatively short-lived, typically fading after a few hours. Some people experience nausea after ingesting kratom. Its extremely bitter taste probably contributes to the nausea. Another possible effect is constipation. Kratom is mildly addictive and withdrawal is possible after frequent heavy use. While rarely severe or disabling, withdrawal symptoms can include depression, fatigue, restlessness, teary eyes, and insomnia. It is comparable to morphine withdrawal in character and caffeine withdrawal in severity.
Crushed Kratom Leafs
The most potent leaves generally come from older trees, most of which grow on mildly acidic jungle type soils. The large leaves are most revered. Different strains, with names such as 'Rifat' and 'Bumblebee' are now being selected and vegetatively cloned for their allegedly higher innate alkaloid content. However, genetics are only a small variable with mitragyna speciosa. Alkaloid content is a function of age, genetics, soil, location, and season. Alkaloid production is highest in late summer and early fall. There are some reports that kratom grown in sub-tropical or mild tropical conditions may not be active, or will be less potent than kratom growing in the deep tropics. Again, reports vary sharply in this regard. Some make this claim, while others claim to have grown perfectly potent plants under such conditions.
Though Kratom is not a well known substance outside South-East Asia; it has been sold for its narcotic effects around the world, mainly via internet vendors. By affecting the Delta opioid receptors much like opiates do, Kratom provides a calm and relaxing euphoria mirroring that of opiates. Kratom appears to affect the brain in much the same way opiates do, but yet it does not cause the retched dependence caused by regular opiate use. A tolerance is built, however, requiring more material to achieve the same effects. It is recommended that users do not use Kratom more than twice a week, so a tolerance is not built. Cross-tolerance has also been noted. This means that a user can consume Kratom and build a tolerance for both Kratom and opiates. This could pose a problem for doctors prescribing pain medication to someone after regular Kratom use.
Kratom as a Opiate substitute
Since Kratom affects the brain much like opiates; Kratom has been a popular opiate substitute in some parts of South-East Asia. Many opium addicts in Thailand are reported to chew Kratom leaves if opium is not available. In most cases, Kratom is just used as a substitute until more opium can be acquired, though some opiate users do combine the two drugs.
Kratom as a Sex enhancer
Some users claim that Kratom allows them to perform sexually for a much longer period of time than normal. For many people, Kratom reduces the sensitivity in the sexual organs, thus requiring more time to reach an orgasm. Kratom seems to have a negative effect on sexual performance though. Many report that Kratom causes temporary erectile problems.
Kratom & cancer prevention
There have been some claims that Kratom can reduce the chances of getting some forms of cancer. There is no scientific research to back these claims up. Hopefully, someday, there will be some research available on this subject.
Kratom Side effects
Consumption of Kratom does have possible side effects such as nausea, constipation, sleep problems, and temporary erectile dysfunction. Extensive use can cause some problems such as insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, darkening of skin, and dry mouth. There are reports of a small number of Kratom users in South-East Asia experiencing more severe problems from they're extensive consumption of the plant. Problems such as hallucinations, delusional behavior, aggression and schizophrenia seemed to plague some users. Some of these users were also using drugs such as alcohol, opiates and amphetamines as well. Any one of these drugs could have caused these severe symptoms, so it would be questionable to assume that Kratom caused these problems. Some of the people who did not use other drugs did display symptoms, but these were long time users, some as much as 40 years of daily heavy consumption. It seems unlikely that users outside South-East Asia face the same risks, as most recreational users don't consume anywhere near the same amount of Kratom as people from South-East Asia. It is recommended that new Kratom users start with smaller doses to avoid potential negative effects. Avoid driving and operating heavy machinery. Use caution when mixing psychoactive substances with Kratom. There appears to be no information regarding Kratom use and interactions with MAOI’s and SSRI’s, but if you take MAOI’s, do not use Kratom. People taking SSRI’s are advised to use caution when taking Kratom. Most people taking SSRI’s report no problems with Kratom.
Kratom dosage
Oral Kratom Dosages (dried leaf)
Enhanced (Extract Added)
Threshold 1 gram
Light 1-2 grams
Common 2-3 grams
Strong 3-6 grams
Oral Kratom Dosages (dried leaf)
Super Grade
Threshold 1-2 grams
Light 2-4 grams
Common 3-5 grams
Strong 4-8 grams
Oral Kratom Dosages (dried leaf)
Premium Grade
Threshold 2-4 grams
Light 3-5 grams
Common 4-10 grams
Strong 8-15 grams
Oral Kratom Dosages (dried leaf)
Low Potency (very uncommon as of 2008)
Threshold 3-7 grams
Light 5-10 grams
Common 10-20 grams
Strong 20-50 grams
Onset : 5-15 minutes
Duration : 2-5 hours
Normal After Effects : 3-6 hours
Legal status
Kratom is a controlled substance in Thailand, Bhutan, Australia, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Malaysia and Myanmar (Burma). A handful of people in Malaysia and possibly other countries are lobbying their governments to allow medical research into kratom as a potential prescription substance.
The DEA has added Kratom to their list of drugs and chemicals of concern.
