From Drugwiki
| Summary sheet: Methoxphenidine |
| Methoxphenidine | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
|||||||||||||||
| Chemical Nomenclature | |||||||||||||||
| Common names | common name::Methoxphenidine, common name::Methoxyphenidine, common name::MXP, common name::2-MXP | ||||||||||||||
| Substitutive name | 2-MeO-Diphenidine | ||||||||||||||
| Systematic name | (±)-1-[1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]piperidine | ||||||||||||||
| Class Membership | |||||||||||||||
| Psychoactive class | psychoactive class::Dissociative | ||||||||||||||
| Chemical class | chemical class::Diarylethylamine | ||||||||||||||
| Routes of Administration | |||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||
| Interactions | |||||||||||||||
| @@@@ | |||||||||||||||
| @@@@ | |||||||||||||||
| @@@@ | |||||||||||||||
Methoxphenidine (also known as 2-MXP or MXP) is a lesser-known novel psychoactive class::dissociative substance of the Chemical class::diarylethylamine class. It is an NMDA antagonist with subjective effects similar to those of ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP). It is structurally related to diphenidine and ephenidine.[1]
Methoxphenidine has been studied alongside other diarylethylamines as a treatment for neurotoxic injuries.[2][3][4][5][6] The first reports of human recreational use appeared shortly after the 2013 U.K. arylcyclohexylamine ban, during which it and diphenidine began to be sold in powder and tablet form on the online research chemical market.[7] It was initially marketed by vendors as a replacement for the highly popular methoxetamine (MXE) despite little to no evidence that it possessed similar effects.
Subjective effects include depersonalization, disconnective effects, conceptual thinking, increased music appreciation, and euphoria. Methoxphenidine belongs to a class of substances that can induce a hallucinogenic state known as "dissociative anesthesia", in which the user feels detached from their bodies.
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of methoxphenidine and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. A number of fatal and non-fatal overdoses have been linked to the abuse of diarylethylamines.[1] Additionally, a number of user reports suggest that they may carry different and more pronounced risks than traditional dissociatives.
It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
History and culture
Methoxphenidine is an example of a designer drug, specifically chosen to mimic the functional or structural features of commonly used illicit substances and circumvent government regulation.[8][9]
Chemistry
Methoxphenidine, or 2-MeO-Diphenidine, is a synthetic compound of the diarylethylamine class. Methoxphenidine's chemical structure contains a substituted phenethylamine skeleton with an additional phenyl ring bound to Rα. The terminal amino group of the phenethylamine chain is incorporated into a piperidine ring. Hence, methoxphenidine belongs to the piperidine dissociative class of compounds.
Methoxphenidine is a structural analog of diphenidine, featuring a methoxy group at the two position of a phenyl group.
Pharmacology
MXP acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist.[10] NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the “k-hole.”
Although it has not been formally studied, the feelings of physical and emotional euphoria which many users report suggests that it may also have action as a dopamine and / or a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor.
Subjective effects
It should be noted that like other diaryethylamines, methoxphenidine is reported to have a much more rapid onset and lower half-life when vaporized or smoked. When consumed this way, it is a suspected to be carcinogenic when excess heat is used. Some user reports have concluded that vaporization requires as low as 20% of what would be a common oral dose for that person.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
{{
#fornumargs: number | column |
{{#var: column}} }}
Experience reports
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include: {{#ask: |format=ul|Columns=1}} Additional experience reports can be found here:
Toxicity and harm potential
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub. As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it. |
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational MXP use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because MXP has very little history of human usage.
Anecdotal reports from those who have tried this substance that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.
Dependence and abuse potential
As with other NMDA receptor antagonists, the chronic use of MXP can be considered Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of MXP Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). MXP presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all dissociatives]], meaning that after the consumption of MXP all dissociatives will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Warning: Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
- Depressants (e.g. 2M2B, alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, GHB/GBL, methaqualone, opioids) - This combination potentiates the muscle relaxation, amnesia, sedation, and respiratory depression caused by one another and at higher doses, can lead to a sudden, unexpected loss of consciousness along with dangerously depressed respiration. There is also an increased risk of vomiting while unconsciousness and dying from the resulting suffocation. If nausea or vomiting occurs before consciousness is lost, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
- Stimulants (e.g. amphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, MDMA) - This combination can potentiate the anxiety-inducing, manic, delusional and disinhibiting effects of dissociatives, particularly those without pronounced motor suppressing components such as ketamine. The sum of these effects can increase the likelihood of an anxiety attack, delusions or a psychotic episode. There is also evidence that suggests that combining these two increases their neurotoxicity.[citation needed] Anecdotally, worsened comedowns are also commonly reported when these two classes of substances are combined.
- Dissociatives (e.g. dextromethorphan, ketamine, methoxetamine, PCP) - Combination can unpredictably potentiate amnesia, sedation, motor control loss and delusions. It may also result in a sudden loss of consciousness along with a dangerous amount of respiratory depression. If nausea or vomiting occurs before consciousness is lost, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
Legal status
- Canada: As of March 2016, MT-45 and its analogues, one of which is methoxphenidine, are schedule I controlled substances.[11] Possession without legal authority can result in maximum 7 years imprisonment. Only those with a law enforcement agency, person with an exemption permit or institutions with Minister's authorization may possess the substance.
- China: As of October 2015, methoxphenidine is a controlled substance in China.[12]
- Germany: Methoxphenidine is a controlled substance under the NpSG, as it is a derivative of 2-Phenethylamine. Production and sale is illegal. Possession and import, although illegal, is not penalized if intended for self-consumption.[13]
- Italy: Methoxphenidine is a prohibited substance in Italy.[14]
- Sweden: Methoxphenidine is a prohibited substance in Sweden.[15]
- Switzerland: Methoxphenidine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.[16]
- Turkey: Methoxphenidine is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[17]
- United Kingdom: Methoxphenidine is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[18]
- United States: Methoxphenidine is not currently scheduled in the United States.[citation needed] This means it is not specifically illegal but individuals may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume.
See also
External links
Discussion
Literature
- Wallach, J., Kang, H., Colestock, T., Morris, H., Bortolotto, Z. A., Collingridge, G. L., ... & Adejare, A. (2016). Pharmacological investigations of the dissociative ‘legal highs’ diphenidine, methoxphenidine and analogues. PLoS One, 11(6), e0157021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157021
- Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(7–8), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wallach, J., Kang, H., Colestock, T., Morris, H., Bortolotto, Z. A., Collingridge, G. L., Lodge, D., Halberstadt, A. L., Brandt, S. D., Adejare, A. (17 June 2016). Lee, J., ed. "Pharmacological Investigations of the Dissociative 'Legal Highs' Diphenidine, Methoxphenidine and Analogues". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0157021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157021. ISSN 1932-6203.
- ↑ Nancy M. Gray; Brian K. Cheng (6 April 1994). "Patent EP 0346791 - 1,2-diarylethylamines for treatment of neurotoxic injury". G.D. Searle, LLC – via SureChEMBL.
- ↑ Michael L. Berger; Anna Schweifer; Patrick Rebernik; Friedrich Hammerschmidt (May 2009). "NMDA receptor affinities of 1,2-diphenylethylamine and 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine enantiomers and of related compounds". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (1): 3456–3462. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.025. PMID 19345586.
- ↑ Jason Wallach; Pierce V. Kavanagh; Gavin McLaughlin; Noreen Morris; John D. Power; Simon P. Elliott; Marion S. Mercier; David Lodge; Hamilton Morris; Nicola M. Dempster; Simon D. Brandt (May 2015). "Preparation and characterization of the 'research chemical' diphenidine, its pyrrolidine analogue, and their 2,2-diphenylethyl isomers". Drug Testing and Analysis. 7 (5): 358–367. doi:10.1002/dta.1689. PMID 25044512.
- ↑ Thurkauf, Andrew; Monn, James; Mattson, Marienna V.; Jacobson, Arthur E.; Rice, Kenner C. (1989). "Structural and conformational aspects of the binding of aryl-alkyl amines to the phencyclidine binding site" (PDF). NIDA research monograph. 95: 51–56. ISSN 1046-9516. PMID 2561843.
- ↑ Goodson, L. H.; Wiegand, C. J. W.; Splitter, Janet S. (November 1946). "Analgesics. I. N-Alkylated-1,2-diphenylethylamines Prepared by the Leuckart Reaction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 68 (11): 2174–2175. doi:10.1021/ja01215a018. PMID 21002222.
- ↑ McLaughlin, G., Morris, N., Kavanagh, P. V., Power, J. D., O’Brien, J., Talbot, B., Elliott, S. P., Wallach, J., Hoang, K., Morris, H., Brandt, S. D. (January 2016). "Test purchase, synthesis, and characterization of 2-methoxydiphenidine (MXP) and differentiation from its meta - and para -substituted isomers: Characterization of 2-, 3- and 4-methoxydiphenidine isomers". Drug Testing and Analysis. 8 (1): 98–109. doi:10.1002/dta.1800. ISSN 1942-7603.
- ↑ Morris, H., Wallach, J. (August 2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7–8): 614–632. doi:10.1002/dta.1620. ISSN 1942-7611.
- ↑ Van Hout, M. C., Hearne, E. (March 2015). ""Word of mouse": indigenous harm reduction and online consumerism of the synthetic compound methoxphenidine". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 47 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.974002. ISSN 0279-1072.
- ↑ Gray, N. M., Cheng, B. K., 1,2-diarylethylamines for treatment of neurotoxic injury
- ↑ Government of Canada, P. W. and G. S. C. (2016), Canada Gazette – Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Parts G and J — Lefetamine, AH-7921, MT-45 and W-18)
- ↑ "关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html
- ↑ Anlage NpSG - Einzelnorm
- ↑ http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf
- ↑ Fler ämnen föreslås bli klassade som narkotika eller hälsofarlig vara | http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/mars/fler-amnen-foreslas-bli-klassade-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara/
- ↑ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in Deutsch). Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ↑ "Karar Sayısı: 2016/9019" (PDF). Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 29790 (in Türkçe). June 22, 2016.
- ↑ Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
{{#set:Featured=true}}