- Drugwiki är kraftigt uppdaterad nu i oktober 2025 och vi tänker låta denna platsen vara möjlig att annonsera på. Hör av dig om du vill vara med.

Amanita muscaria: Skillnad mellan sidversioner

Från Drugwiki

Hoppa till: navigering, sök
Nyare redigering →
 
m rewording, species name italicisation, changing to preferred term for Sami people
Rad 1: Rad 1:
[[kategori:Växter och svampar]]
{{MycologyBox/Amanita muscaria}}
'''Namn:''' Röd flugsvamp, fly agaric (en), fly amanita (en)


'''Innehåller:''' [[muskimol]], [[ibotensyra]], [[muskarin]]
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' (also known as '''fly agaric''' or '''fly amanita''') is a semi-psychoactive mushroom that grows widely in the northern hemisphere; such as in the Boreal region. It is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, which are derived from its primary psychoactive constituents [[ibotenic acid]] and [[muscimol]]. Muscimol is a potent selective agonist for the [[GABA|GABA<sub>A</sub>]] [[receptor]] that produces [[sedative]], [[depressant]] and [[deliriant]] effects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Frolund, B.)), ((Ebert, B.)), ((Kristiansen, U.)), ((Liljefors, T.)), ((Krogsgaard-Larsen, P.)) | journal=Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | title=GABA-A Receptor Ligands and their Therapeutic Potentials | volume=2 | issue=8 | pages=817–832 | url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/26499}}</ref>


== Generell information ==
Although classified as “poisonous”, reports of human deaths resulting from its ingestion are extremely rare. After parboiling—which weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom's psychoactive substances<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rubel, W.)), ((Arora, D.)) | journal=Economic Botany | title=A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an Example | volume=62 | issue=3 | pages=223–243 | date= November 2008 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12231-008-9040-9 | issn=0013-0001 | doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9040-9}}</ref>—it is eaten in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.{{citation needed}}
Den röda flugsvampen är allmänt förekommande och förmodligen sveriges vanligaste [[flugsvamp]].
Den växer i löv- och barrskog, parker. Särskilt vanlig är den under gran, björk och tall.
''Amanita muscaria'' has been used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia, and has a religious significance in these cultures. In western Siberia, the use of A. muscaria was restricted to shamans, who used it as an alternative method of achieving a trance state. In eastern Siberia, A. muscaria was used by both shamans and laypeople alike, and was used recreationally as well as religiously.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nyberg, H.)) | journal=Karstenia | title=Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican cultures | volume=32 | issue=2 | pages=71–80 | date= 1992 | url=http://www.funga.fi/karstenia/?p=2395 | issn=0453-3402 | doi=10.29203/ka.1992.294}}</ref>


'''Hatten:''' 10-20 cm bred, välvd till utbredd med något spetsig och räfflad kant och med åldern något uppböjd. Färgen är blodröd till gulorange och täckt av små vita till ljusgula [[hyllerester]]. Ofta klibbig och glänsande. Hattköttet är gulaktigt strax under hatthuden.
There has been much speculation on possible traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in other places such as the Middle East, Eurasia, North America, and Scandinavia.{{citation needed}}


'''Skivor:''' Är mjuka, tätt och [[fria skivor|fritt växande]].
In remote areas of Lithuania, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been reported to be consumed at wedding feasts. Lithuanians have also been reported to export the mushrooms to Sami people in the Far North for use in shamanic rituals.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Wasson, R. G.)) | date= 1980 | title=The wondrous mushroom: mycolatry in Mesoamerica | publisher=McGraw-Hill | isbn=9780070684423}}</ref>


'''Fot:''' Vit. 10-25 cm hög och 1-3 cm i diameter. Med en stor hängande vit [[fotring|ring]]. Fotbasen löklikt uppsvälld
''Amanita muscaria'' is sometimes confused with [[psilocybin mushrooms]] as "magic mushrooms". However, these two mushrooms have completely different active compounds, pharmacological effects, and appearances.  


'''Sporer:''' vita
==Habitat==
''Amanita muscaria'' has formed a symbiotic relationship with various coniferous and deciduous trees such as birches, pines, and spruces, and can often be found growing near them. There are many different varieties of ''A. muscaria'' with varying appearances.<ref name="fuhrer">{{cite book | vauthors=((Fuhrer, B. A.)) | date= 2005 | title=A Field Guide to Australian Fungi | publisher=Bloomings Books | isbn=9781876473518}}</ref>


'''Doft/smak:'''
==Chemistry==
behaglig doft, nötaktig smak.
[[File:Muscimol.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Muscimol, the primary psychoactive constituent in ''Amanita muscaria''.]]
<ref>[http://www.shroomery.org/8664/Amanita-muscaria-Info Shroomery - Amanita muscaria Info]</ref><ref>Lohmeyer R., Kunkele U. (2011), Svamplockning och artbestämning</ref>
The principle psychoactive compounds in ''Amanita muscaria'' are [[muscimol]] and the related compound ibotenic acid. Both compounds have similar molecular structures; however, ibotenic acid contains a carboxyl group. Both compounds contain an isoxazole ring with a hydroxyl group bonded at the 3-position. Unlike muscimol, ibotenic acid is a non-selective glutamate receptor agonist, which contributes to its relatively powerful neurotoxic effects. Ibotenic acid is also decarboxylated to muscimol.


=== Förekommande varianter ===
''Amanita muscaria'' also contains small amounts of muscarine, a non-selective muscarinic [[acetylcholine]] [[receptor]] [[agonist]]. While this was once thought to be the principle mechanism of action, it is no longer because the levels of muscarine are too low to be significant, and it is unable to pass the [[blood-brain-barrier]], meaning that it is toxic, but not psychoactive.<ref>Pavlov VA, Ochani M, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Ochani K, Huston JM, Czura CJ, Al-Abed Y, Tracey KJ. Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 28;103(13):5219-23. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0600506103. Epub 2006 Mar 20. PMID: 16549778; PMCID: PMC1405626.</ref>
* ''Amanita muscaria var. muscaria''<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_muscaria_muscaria.shtml Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Amanita muscaria var. muscaria (red Fly Agaric)]</ref>
* ''Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata''<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_muscaria_flavivolvata.shtml Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata (Fly Agaric variety)]</ref>
* ''Amanita muscaria var. formosa''<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_muscaria_formosa.shtml Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Amanita muscaria var formosa (yellow-orange Fly Agaric)]</ref>
* ''Amanita muscaria var. alba''<ref>[http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_muscaria.html Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata (MushroomExpert.Com)]</ref>


==Dosering==
==Pharmacology==
Muskimol är det huvudsakliga psykoaktiva ämnet i röd flugsvamp. Vid oral administration ger det psykoaktiva effekter vid en dosering på 5-15 mg<ref name="ErowidDosage">[http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_dose.shtml Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Dosage]</ref>. Utan att ta hänsyn till ibotensyran så motsvarar detta en mycket potent svamp på 5 - 12 gram.
[[File:White Fly-Agaric mature.jpg|250px|right|thumbnail|''Amanita muscaria'' var ''alba''. Some varieties of A. muscaria can be confused with poisonous ones.]]
Muscimol has an atypical mechanism of action. Unlike classical [[psychedelic |psychedelics]] (which are 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> agonists) and classical [[dissociative |dissociatives]] (which are [[NMDA receptor antagonist |NMDA receptor antagonists]]), muscimol is a potent GABA<sub>A</sub> [[agonist]], meaning it activates the receptor for [[GABA]], the brain's principle inhibitory neurotransmitter. As an agonist, muscimol binds to the same site on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor as GABA itself. This is unlike [[benzodiazepine |benzodiazepines]] and barbiturates, which bind to different allosteric sites on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor.  


Innehållet påstås variera mellan årstider, växtmiljö och mellan olika svampar<ref name="ErowidDosage"></ref>.
Muscimol has also been shown to be a partial agonist at the GABA<sub>A-ρ</sub> receptor, which may contribute to its psychoactive effects. Activation of α1 subunit GABA receptors is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of certain [[GABAergic]] compounds such as [[z-drugs]], including [[zolpidem]], and muscimol.<ref>Geng H.Y., et al. Erbb4 deletion from medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens core induces schizophrenia-like behaviors via elevated GABAAR α1 expression. Journal of Neuroscience. 2017, 37(31):7450-7464. PubMed ID: 28667174</ref>


Om du har bestämt dig för att äta röd flugsvamp bör du börja i låga doser, för att stegvis nå önskvärd effekt.
The effects of isolated muscimol begin approximately one hour after consumption, peaking at 3 hours and lasting a total of 10-24 hours.<ref name="Hollister 1990 pp. 253–256">{{cite journal | last=Hollister | first=Leo E. | title=New class of hallucinogens: GABA-enhancing agents | journal=Drug Development Research | publisher=Wiley | volume=21 | issue=3 | year=1990 | issn=0272-4391 | doi=10.1002/ddr.430210311 | pages=255}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
Ibotenic acid has been shown to be a potent NMDA agonist as well as a powerful agonist at the group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Due to in vivo decarboxylation, ibotenic acid is metabolized to muscimol and thus has many similar pharmacological characteristics.
|-
 
! Effekt !! Torkade gram !! Svampar
==Subjective effects==
|-
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
|Lätt || 1 - 5 g || 1 mediumstor hatt
 
|-
{{effects/base
|Medel || 5 - 10 g || 1 - 3 medelstora hattar
|-
|Stark || 10 - 30 g || 2 - 6 mediumstora hattar
|}


==Effekter==
|{{effects/physical|
[[Image:amanitamuscaria2.jpg|thumb|right]]
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Many users report mild to extreme sedation and even [[sleepiness]] while under the influence of amanitas.
Muskimol agerar som [[GABA]]<sub>A</sub>-agonist. Effekten liknar den man får av alkohol och kan i högre doser ge [[deliriant|deliriska]] och [[dissociativ]]a tillstånd. [[Hallucination|Hallucinationer]] är dock ovanliga i verkligheten trots frekventa omnämnanden i myter och populärkultur.
**'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily heaviness]]
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - While most users report sedation and a lack of energy, some users also report a relatively intense stimulation.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Many users report a marked decrease in pain while under the influence.
*'''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil constriction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased salivation]]'''


Låga doser av röd flugsvamp har beskrivits som en allmän stämningshöjare där man blir mer avslappnad, social och glad utan att uppleva obehagliga bieffekter. Svampen har också beskrivits som stor hjälp för personer som har problematik med SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder). Effekterna har beskrivits som energigivande och allmänt motivationshöjande<ref>[http://www.shroomery.org/8667/Amanita-muscaria-A-New-Outlook Shroomery - Amanita muscaria - A New Outlook]</ref>.
}}
{{effects/visual|
====Enhancements====
*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Magnification]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity enhancement]]'''
====Suppression====
*'''[[Effect::Double vision]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual haze]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]'''
====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Colour shifting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::After images]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Recursion]]'''


Eventuellt illamående kan reduceras med [[Cannabis]]<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_effects.shtml Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Effects]</ref>.
====[[Geometry]]====
====Hallucinatory states====
*'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Peripheral information misinterpretation]]'''


{| class="wikitable"
}}
|-
|{{effects/cognitive|
! Nivå !! Tid
|-
| Initiala effekter ||  30 - 120 minuter
|-
| Högsta topp || 1 - 2 timmar
|-
| [[afterglow|Eftereffekter]] ||  1 - 5 timmar
|-
| Total längd ||  5 - 10 timmar (högre doser verkar hålla i sig längre)
|}


Källa: <ref name="ErowidDosage"></ref>
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Consciousness disconnection]]''': Many users report a distinct dissociation from their surroundings while on ''Amanita muscaria''.
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - This results in feelings of physical euphoria which range between mild pleasure to powerfully all-encompassing bliss.
*'''[[Effect::Decreased libido]]''' ''or'' '''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - Many users of amanitas report to experience a noticeable decrease in libido while others report the opposite.
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' - Because of the sedating nature of ''Amanita muscaria'', many people fall asleep before the prominent effects take effect. These individuals report extremely vivid and often lucid dreams.
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement]]'''  - While this effect is less powerful than that of [[MDMA]] or [[MDA]], it is still prominent.
*'''[[Sleepiness]]''' - As a GABA<sub>A</sub> agonist, the [[muscimol]] in ''Amanita muscaria'' can make people extremely drowsy.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]''': Quite commonly people report profound anxiety suppression. That's due to the GABAergic activity triggered by muscimol.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''': Anxiety is usually only present at high dosages.
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]''' - While this effect is less powerful than that of [[MDMA]] or [[MDA]], it is still prominent.
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Existential conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]
*'''[[Effect::Introspection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]''': This effect is usually only present at high doses.
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''


Se även avsnittet "Effekter" under huvudartikeln [[flugsvamp]].
}}
{{effects/auditory|
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucination]]''' - While a wide array of auditory hallucinations are possible, many users report hearing a strange, comforting, omnipresent humming sound.


== Risker ==
}}
Många tror att röd flugsvamp är giftig, men det är bara sant om den äts rå, dvs ej torkad eller tillagad genom uppvärmning. Orsaken till illamående och eventuellt allvarligare bieffekter kommer från [[ibotensyra]]n. Myten om att röd flugsvamp är starkt giftig har främst uppstått genom förväxling hos gemene man med de dödligt giftiga flugsvamparna som innehåller amatoxiner.
{{effects/multisensory|
*'''[[Effect::Synesthesia]]''': It's quite common to taste words or smell colors.
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask: [[Category:Amanita muscaria]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}


== Tillredning ==
Additional experience reports can be found here:
[[Image:amanitamuscaria.jpg|thumb|180px|right]]
[[Ibotensyra]] är svagt psykoaktiv men tas upp dåligt av kroppen då större delen av det utsöndras i urinen. Ibotensyra orsakar främst bieffekter som illamående och är även neurotoxisk<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1325800 Ibotenic acid mediates neurotoxicity and phosphoinositide hydrolysis by independent receptor mechanisms. (Zinkand, 1992)]</ref><ref>[http://www.mykoweb.com/TFWNA/P-28.html Symptoms of ibotenic/muscimol poisoning (isoxazol poisoning) - MykoWeb: Toxic Fungi of Western North America]</ref>. Genom torkning eller upphettning dekarboxyliseras ibotensyra till [[muskimol]] som är en mer njutbar drog och anses vara källan till flugsvampens effekter.


Hattarna är mest potenta och är vanligen delarna man tillreder. Antingen torkar man hattarna i rumstemperatur, eller så torkar man de i ugnen på 80-100&deg;C. Torkar man i ugnen kommer svampen svettas, vätskan samlas på formen du lagt svamparna på och under torkningen hällas tillbaka på svamparna eftersom man annars förlorar en hel del av de aktiva ämnena. <ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_info_petri.shtml Amanita muscaria Dosage at Erowid by Petri]</ref>
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Amanitas_A_muscaria.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Amanita muscaria]


Notera temperaturen som anges. Den återkommer även i ett inlägg i tråden på Magiska Molekyler <ref>[http://forum.magiskamolekyler.org/index.php?showtopic=18063 Magiska Molekyler: Flugsvamp]</ref> där en "shaman" poängterar vikten av att inte låta vattnet nå kokpunkten.
==Similar species==
{{Warning/Mushroom hunting}}
{|
|-
|
[[File:A_regalis.jpg|220px|thumbnail|[[Amanita regalis]] - '''Psychoactive''' - This species contains ibotenic acid and muscimol.]]
||
[[File:Amanita_caesarea.jpg|220px|thumbnail|[[Amanita caesarea]] - '''Edible''', but '''not recommended'''.]]
||
[[File:pantherina.png|220px|thumbnail|[[Amanita pantherina (mycology) |Amanita pantherina]] - '''Psychoactive''' - This species contains ibotenic acid and muscimol.]]
||
[[File:deathcap.png|220px|thumbnail|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides Amanita phalloides] - '''Deadly''' - This species contains α-amanitin and β-Amanitin which has lead to numerous deaths.]]
|}


En annan teknik som finns är att lägga svampbitar i en form i ugnen/på elden/ gryta på spisan som hettas upp, vätskan som svettas ut från svamparna samlas upp och dricks. 2 matskedar (30ml) skapade en stark känsla av eufori hos en person som rapporterar om metoden, han ville bara dansa och sjunga<ref>[http://www.shroomery.org/index.php/par/23632 Notes on Amanita muscaria ranging from consumption to cultivation]</ref>.
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{headerpanel|{{Template:Warning/Ibotenic acid}}}}
{{Further|Responsible use#Hallucinogens}}


===Optimal temperatur===
The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] of muscimol in rat is 45mg/kg orally and in mice is 20mg/kg orally.<ref>https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/13667m.pdf</ref>
Färsk flugsvamp har ett förhållande på 79/1 mellan ibotensyra och muskimol. Med en snabb torkning (som vi får kalla ett dygn i 40C) så kommer man ner till 8/1 vilket måste anses vara väldigt mycket bättre, men först när man värmt på med 80C i 5.5 timmar så kommer man ner till 2/1 och sedan 1.4/1 vid 100C i fyra timmar. MEN vid 100C ser man även att muskimolhalten i alla prover har minskat mer än vid 80C (jämför färsk/torkad ppm för varje prov)! Så optimal temp är vid 80C<ref>[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/shokueishi1960/34/2/34_2_153/_article Change in Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol Contents in Amanita muscaria during Drying, Storing or Cooking Food Hygienic Studies of Toxigenic Basidiomycotina (Tsunoda, 1993)]</ref>. En ytterligare notis är att muskimol skall vara 10 gånger potentare än ibotensyra vilket innebär att man verkligen spegelvänder förhållandet mellan drogerna genom prepareringen.


[[image:temp_vs_ibo_mus.jpg]]
Since muscimol and ibotenic acid are GABA<sub>A</sub> agonists, it may be harmful to combine it with other [[GABA |GABAergic]] [[depressant |depressants]] such as [[benzodiazepine |benzodiazepines]] or barbiturates. Ibotenic acid is also known to be a neurotoxin, acting via the NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor. It is wise to dry amanitas in the oven or purchase pre-dried amanitas to ensure the ibotenic acid concentration is as low as possible.


Torkning i rumstemperatur under flera månader har tydligen ingen större effekt. Det kan möjligtvis vara så att oxideringen inte sker när ibotensyran är instängd i cellerna, att den kan inte reagera med syret.
One of the major dangers of Amanita muscaria is misidentifying it as a different species of mushroom. Several other mushrooms in the genus amanita are toxic. One such mushroom, the Amanita phalloides, better known as the death cap, contains α-amanitin and β-Amanitin, both of which are extremely potent RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase III inhibitors which damage virtually every tissue in the body. As the name suggests, the Amanita muscaria contains the chemical muscarine, a muscarinic acetylcholine agonist which is known to cause seizures; however, the mushroom contains very low amounts that are highly unlikely to pose any significant harm.


==Om innehållet==
Amanita muscaria mushrooms are not known to be addictive or dependence-forming, and reports even show that desire to redose goes down with usage, though there is no research on this topic.
Hatten är mer potent än foten och basen<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040603112939/http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=16317 AMANITA MUSCARIA: Mycopharmacological Outline and Personal Experiences by Francesco Festi and Antonio Bianchi]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/shokueishi1960/34/1/34_1_18/_article Changes in Concentration of Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol in the Fruit Body of Amanita muscaria during the Reproduction Stage (Tsunoda, 1993)]</ref>. Det har även cirkulerat påståenden om att hatthuden och det gula köttet strax under är mest potent, vilket inte stämmer<ref name=japan>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16464551 Analysis of hallucinogenic constituents in Amanita mushrooms circulated in Japan (Tsujikawa, 2006)] [https://sci-hub.cc/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.01.004 pdf-version]</ref>. Det har även förekommit påståenden om att svampar som växer i [[Europa]] inte är lika potenta som de i [[Nordamerika]] och [[Norra Asien]].{{Referens saknas}}


===Ibotensyra och muskimol===
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
En studie fann 186.2-225.7 µg/g ibotensyra och 10.7-50.1 µg/g muskimol i färska svampar. En normalstor svamp väger cirka 60 gram, vilket ger cirka 0,11-0,13% ibotensyra och 0,0006-0,03% muskimol<ref>[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/shokueishi1960/34/1/34_1_12/_article/-char/ja/ Simultaneous Analysis of Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol in Toxic Mushroom, Amanita muscaria, and Analytical Survey on Edible Mushrooms (Tsunoda, 1993)]</ref>.


I en annan studie har man undersökt svampar som cirkulerat på den illegala marknaden. Där har man funnit koncentrationer på 0,13% ibotensyra och 0,004-0,13% muskimol.
==Legal status==
Amanita muscaria grows naturally and is legal to grow, sell and consume in most parts of the world. It is, however, restricted in some countries.


Jämförelsevis har man undersökt naturligt förekommande exemplar och funnit 0,02-0,18% ibotensyra och 0,005-0,12% muskimol<ref>[http://www.tiaft2006.org/proceedings/pdf/AM-p-06.pdf Determination of ibotenic acid and muscimol in Amanita mushrooms and rat plasma by HPLC-UV and LC/MS (Tsujikawa)]</ref>.
*'''Australia:''' The [[muscimol]] present in Amanita muscaria is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015).<ref name="Poisons Standard">{{cite web |url= https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534 |title=Poisons Standard October 2015 |work=Federal Register of Legislation }}</ref> A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.<ref name="Poisons Standard" />
*'''Netherlands:''' Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina are illegal to buy, sell, or possess since December 2008. Possession of amounts larger than 0.5&nbsp;g dried or 5&nbsp;g fresh lead to a criminal charge.<ref>{{cite web|title=wetten.nl - Regeling - Opiumwet - BWBR0001941|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2017-05-25|website=wetten.overheid.nl|language=nl}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref>


Ytterligare en studie fann 612, 97, 342, <10, 2845 ppm ibotensyra och  286, 472, 254, 46, 1052 ppm muskimol i fem undersökte torkade svamphattar som sålts på Internet. Detta motsvarar 0.0612, 0.0097, 0.0342, <0.001, 0.2845% ibotensyra och 0.0286, 0.0472, 0.0254, 0.0046 och 0.1052% muskimol<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&pg=PA298&dq=amanita+pantherina#v=onepage&q=amanita%20pantherina&f=false Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals (Barceloux, 2008)]</ref>
==See also==


Sammanfattningsvis visar detta ett innehåll på <0,001-0,28% ibotensyra och 0,0006-0,13% muskimol. Detta motsvarar 0.01-1.8 mg ibotensyra/gram svamp och 0,006-1,3 mg muskimol/gram svamp.
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Naturally occurring sources]]
*[[Entheogen]]
*[[Amanita pantherina (mycology)|Amanita pantherina]]


=== Muskarin ===
==External links==
Man har funnit en koncentration runt 0,0003% i färska svampar. [[Muskarin]] i röd flugsvamp bör snarare betraktas som ett spårelement och förgiftning p.g.a detta giftet kan inte anses vara en risk<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine Muscarine - Wikipedia]</ref><ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_writings4.shtml Amanita muscaria - Mycopharmacological Outline and Personal Experiences] av Francesco Festi and Antonio Bianchi, från PM&E Volume Five</ref>.


=== Tryptaminer ===
*[[wikipedia:Amanita muscaria|''Amanita muscaria'' (Wikipedia)]]
Det finns en rapport från 1953 som anger att röd flugsvamp innehåller [[bufotenin]]. Detta har dock inte kunnat bekräftas i senare analyser<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_info6.shtml Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Pharmacology of Amanita Muscaria]</ref>. I analyser av extrakt som sålts som röd flugsvamp har man funnit [[5-MeO-DIPT]], [[5-MeO-DMT]], [[harmelalkaloider]], [[koffein]] och [[tropaner]]<ref name=japan></ref> dvs. falsk marknadsföring. Det kan dock noteras att vissa andra [[flugsvamp]]ar innehåller små mängder bufotenin.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_Amanita_mushroom Psychoactive Amanita mushroom (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_Amanita_mushrooms Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms (Wikipedia)]
*[https://erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas.shtml Psychoactive amanitas (Erowid)]
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Amanita_muscaria Amanita muscaria (Drugs-Forum)]
*[http://amanitaceae.org/ Amanitaceae.org]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oFlXHUUmXg Tatiana Urkachen, A Siberian shaman explaining ''A. muscaria'' (Youtube)]
*https://www.reddit.com/r/AmanitaMuscaria/


== Externa länkar ==
==References==
<references />
<references />


[http://images.google.se/images?q=amanita%20muscaria Amanita muscaria - Google Bildsökning]
[[Category:Amanita (genus)]]
[[Category:Entheogen]]
[[Category:Dissociative]]
[[Category:Depressant]]
[[Category:GABAergic hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Deliriant]]


[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1011799-overview Muscarine Mushroom Toxicity]
{{#set:Featured=true}}

Versionen från 27 oktober 2025 kl. 10.35

Mall:MycologyBox/Amanita muscaria

Amanita muscaria (also known as fly agaric or fly amanita) is a semi-psychoactive mushroom that grows widely in the northern hemisphere; such as in the Boreal region. It is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, which are derived from its primary psychoactive constituents ibotenic acid and muscimol. Muscimol is a potent selective agonist for the GABAA receptor that produces sedative, depressant and deliriant effects.[1]

Although classified as “poisonous”, reports of human deaths resulting from its ingestion are extremely rare. After parboiling—which weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom's psychoactive substances[2]—it is eaten in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.[källa behövs]

Amanita muscaria has been used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia, and has a religious significance in these cultures. In western Siberia, the use of A. muscaria was restricted to shamans, who used it as an alternative method of achieving a trance state. In eastern Siberia, A. muscaria was used by both shamans and laypeople alike, and was used recreationally as well as religiously.[3]

There has been much speculation on possible traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in other places such as the Middle East, Eurasia, North America, and Scandinavia.[källa behövs]

In remote areas of Lithuania, Amanita muscaria has been reported to be consumed at wedding feasts. Lithuanians have also been reported to export the mushrooms to Sami people in the Far North for use in shamanic rituals.[4]

Amanita muscaria is sometimes confused with psilocybin mushrooms as "magic mushrooms". However, these two mushrooms have completely different active compounds, pharmacological effects, and appearances.

Habitat

Amanita muscaria has formed a symbiotic relationship with various coniferous and deciduous trees such as birches, pines, and spruces, and can often be found growing near them. There are many different varieties of A. muscaria with varying appearances.[5]

Chemistry

Muscimol, the primary psychoactive constituent in Amanita muscaria.

The principle psychoactive compounds in Amanita muscaria are muscimol and the related compound ibotenic acid. Both compounds have similar molecular structures; however, ibotenic acid contains a carboxyl group. Both compounds contain an isoxazole ring with a hydroxyl group bonded at the 3-position. Unlike muscimol, ibotenic acid is a non-selective glutamate receptor agonist, which contributes to its relatively powerful neurotoxic effects. Ibotenic acid is also decarboxylated to muscimol.

Amanita muscaria also contains small amounts of muscarine, a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. While this was once thought to be the principle mechanism of action, it is no longer because the levels of muscarine are too low to be significant, and it is unable to pass the blood-brain-barrier, meaning that it is toxic, but not psychoactive.[6]

Pharmacology

Amanita muscaria var alba. Some varieties of A. muscaria can be confused with poisonous ones.

Muscimol has an atypical mechanism of action. Unlike classical psychedelics (which are 5-HT2A agonists) and classical dissociatives (which are NMDA receptor antagonists), muscimol is a potent GABAA agonist, meaning it activates the receptor for GABA, the brain's principle inhibitory neurotransmitter. As an agonist, muscimol binds to the same site on the GABAA receptor as GABA itself. This is unlike benzodiazepines and barbiturates, which bind to different allosteric sites on the GABAA receptor.

Muscimol has also been shown to be a partial agonist at the GABAA-ρ receptor, which may contribute to its psychoactive effects. Activation of α1 subunit GABA receptors is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of certain GABAergic compounds such as z-drugs, including zolpidem, and muscimol.[7]

The effects of isolated muscimol begin approximately one hour after consumption, peaking at 3 hours and lasting a total of 10-24 hours.[8]

Ibotenic acid has been shown to be a potent NMDA agonist as well as a powerful agonist at the group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Due to in vivo decarboxylation, ibotenic acid is metabolized to muscimol and thus has many similar pharmacological characteristics.

Subjective effects

Mall:Preamble/SubjectiveEffects

Mall:Effects/base

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include: {{#ask: |format=ul|Columns=1}}

Additional experience reports can be found here:

Similar species

Mall:Warning/Mushroom hunting

Amanita regalis - Psychoactive - This species contains ibotenic acid and muscimol.
Amanita caesarea - Edible, but not recommended.
Fil:Pantherina.png
Amanita pantherina - Psychoactive - This species contains ibotenic acid and muscimol.
Fil:Deathcap.png
Amanita phalloides - Deadly - This species contains α-amanitin and β-Amanitin which has lead to numerous deaths.

Toxicity and harm potential

Mall:Headerpanel Mall:Further

The LD50 of muscimol in rat is 45mg/kg orally and in mice is 20mg/kg orally.[9]

Since muscimol and ibotenic acid are GABAA agonists, it may be harmful to combine it with other GABAergic depressants such as benzodiazepines or barbiturates. Ibotenic acid is also known to be a neurotoxin, acting via the NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor. It is wise to dry amanitas in the oven or purchase pre-dried amanitas to ensure the ibotenic acid concentration is as low as possible.

One of the major dangers of Amanita muscaria is misidentifying it as a different species of mushroom. Several other mushrooms in the genus amanita are toxic. One such mushroom, the Amanita phalloides, better known as the death cap, contains α-amanitin and β-Amanitin, both of which are extremely potent RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase III inhibitors which damage virtually every tissue in the body. As the name suggests, the Amanita muscaria contains the chemical muscarine, a muscarinic acetylcholine agonist which is known to cause seizures; however, the mushroom contains very low amounts that are highly unlikely to pose any significant harm.

Amanita muscaria mushrooms are not known to be addictive or dependence-forming, and reports even show that desire to redose goes down with usage, though there is no research on this topic.

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Legal status

Amanita muscaria grows naturally and is legal to grow, sell and consume in most parts of the world. It is, however, restricted in some countries.

  • Australia: The muscimol present in Amanita muscaria is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015).[10] A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.[10]
  • Netherlands: Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina are illegal to buy, sell, or possess since December 2008. Possession of amounts larger than 0.5 g dried or 5 g fresh lead to a criminal charge.[11]
  • United Kingdom: It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[12]

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ ”GABA-A Receptor Ligands and their Therapeutic Potentials”. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2 (8): sid. 817–832. https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/26499. 
  2. ↑ ”A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an Example”. Economic Botany 62 (3): sid. 223–243. November 2008. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9040-9. ISSN 0013-0001. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12231-008-9040-9. 
  3. ↑ ”Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican cultures”. Karstenia 32 (2): sid. 71–80. 1992. doi:10.29203/ka.1992.294. ISSN 0453-3402. http://www.funga.fi/karstenia/?p=2395. 
  4. ↑ The wondrous mushroom: mycolatry in Mesoamerica. McGraw-Hill. 1980. ISBN 9780070684423. 
  5. ↑ A Field Guide to Australian Fungi. Bloomings Books. 2005. ISBN 9781876473518. 
  6. ↑ Pavlov VA, Ochani M, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Ochani K, Huston JM, Czura CJ, Al-Abed Y, Tracey KJ. Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 28;103(13):5219-23. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0600506103. Epub 2006 Mar 20. PMID: 16549778; PMCID: PMC1405626.
  7. ↑ Geng H.Y., et al. Erbb4 deletion from medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens core induces schizophrenia-like behaviors via elevated GABAAR α1 expression. Journal of Neuroscience. 2017, 37(31):7450-7464. PubMed ID: 28667174
  8. ↑ Hollister, Leo E. (1990). ”New class of hallucinogens: GABA-enhancing agents”. Drug Development Research (Wiley) 21 (3): sid. 255. doi:10.1002/ddr.430210311. ISSN 0272-4391. 
  9. ↑ https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/13667m.pdf
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 ”Poisons Standard October 2015”. Federal Register of Legislation. https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534. 
  11. ↑ ”wetten.nl - Regeling - Opiumwet - BWBR0001941” (på Nederlands). wetten.overheid.nl. http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2017-05-25. 
  12. ↑ Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted 

{{#set:Featured=true}}

Hämtad från ”https://www.drugwiki.net/w/index.php?title=Amanita_muscaria&oldid=5272”